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262499 WHITE - CITV CLERK 2S2�q9 PINK - FINANCE CO1111C11 BLUERV- MAYORTMENT GITY OF SAINT PAITL File NO. n ' Resolution Presented By • Referred To To �u/ /y ��1� Committee: Date Out of Committee By Date RESOLVED, That the Council of the City of Saint Paul does hereby endorse a Leaf Recycling Program, which program includes the selection of a site containing a�t all weather surface, good natural draina.ge, and easy accessibility; that Saint Paul residents deposit leaves at the site, and that the leaves be inoculated by compost culture and triple-shredded by a leaf shredder, and tha.t available compost be given to citizens during the growing season at no cost���a the C cil d s fur er re est th th pro am include in th 974 Pu c Wo s Dep tment prog a tha e e imated st in t amount f 6,000. be p vided th the 4 get of e City Saint u a and the Department of Public Works is requested to explore and report to the Council a way to implement the program. COUNCILMEN Requested by Department of: Yeas Nays �t Butler Konopatzki In Favor Levine Meredith � Against By Smat6�c Roedier Tedesco Mme.President �t�ig Hurit Adopted by Council: Date NOV g �g� Form Approv d by City Attorn y Certif' ed by Co cil ary BY By Appro by Ma r. Date O 9 Approved by Mayor for Submission to Council By BY PU$usH�n �� Q � � , r-� ��a��� �;4 ', -�� �� C�I�1`Y OF ►.S'AINT PAUL OFFZCE UF TAE CITY COIINCIL CITY HA LL A ND COURT HOU9E SAII�T�t` PAUL, MINNFSOTA 55102 PHONE 612 \ 298-6289 PATRICt� J. ROEDLER c ' � SHIRLEY M. GEER Councilman � Legislative Aide November 2, 1973 � Mr. Harry Marshall City Clerk 386 City Hall � Dear Mr. Marshall : The following action has been taken on matters referred to the Public Works � Committee: Traffic problems on Suburban Avenue in relation to Chain Link Restaurant: It was agreed that the State Highway Department would study the problem and try to find a solution regarding construction of a service road; and �'.���3 G;� Clapp-Thomssen would �iscuss with proposed motel builder the possibility of a joint access road. Petition of Universityo uf Minnesota to vacate alleys in Block 50, St. c -r a�ay�� Ar�thony Park North and a portion of Cleveland Avenue. The Committee recommended vacation and that the Valuation Bureau negotiate transfer of land in payment if feasible. Resolution endorsin leaf recvcling program and inclusion of $16,OOO�cF.��a=�9y �n 1974 budget. The Committee recommended passage of the resolution. Very t'uly yours, �� , , .\ � , f , � �.`�l� a�, � ," �`��—L. J PATRICK J. ROEDLER, Chairman Public Works Committee M.��;,,2l ��=���'�9 Octaber 12, 1973 �fr. Yatrick Roedler, Chairman Public Works Committ�� Room 722, City Hall ;,� St, Paul, Minnesota Dear Sir: The City Council referr�d to the Public Works Committee for � consider�.tion and recoma�ndatio�n the matter af establishin� " a leaf recycling prt�gram. Attached for your informatinn i.s a resalution that hae been prepared concerning the �ub�ect. YourB very trul.3r, City Clerk ABO:�mw Attach. , .,, .. , � j . j . f ���� � ��t�.-�D , ` LEAF COMPOST RESOLUTION � . ' FEASIBIZITY REPORT , � � � . � . . � � � � . a . . � . I N D E X A - Leaf Composting � B - Question Section , C - Compost Culture Information Sheet • D - Letter of Public Works Department E - Fact Sheet ' . _ _ . . __ _ :� . � ; . � .. . . �,�, , . � . . � � . - ` � ����99 " LEAi COi',POST t i�G � - ; . . . - . , Leaf and grass conposting is the next area to be co��efed. The follo�r�ing cor►siderations are feit to be important; com�osting process, volum�s, site,. equipment needed, economic factors, and environmental benefits. . - Leaf composting is natures way of disposal , a method :of disposing by � � � . recyc� ing. l�lhen ieaves are properly handled, micro-org�nizms are ca1•led into � . � � . action breaking down the carbohydrate materials found in al�l organic matter � by digesting it. This turns the compost ar leaf pile �into humus which can be � � .- � I used� as a soil conditioner. Topsoil is buiit by the addition of humus to the � - . . . . • � � ' �� -� - i�organic minerais found in the parent material� of th� soii. tn addi�ion to - providing valuable humus, volumes are greatly reduced.. Votume reductiort is � . - � � ' ' " som�thing in the order of seven to one as the compost pile is being cfianged � . . . ' - - to humus. - . An estimated volume of some fourteen• thousand cubic yerds of mate rial could • . ,s _ be composted per year. This figure is based on interviews with the municipalitie5 : . _ �: � � and on� the t-esults of the public opinion survey conducted by the Environmenta� . :� • • . . • . w � Services Section of the Department of Public Works. This amount of raw material . . . � shoutd yieid approximately seven to ten thousand ya.rds of co�rpost or :�umus to • be used by people in the county, by nunicipatities on golf courses, parks, etc:� � � and ussd byigovernment agencies on their properties and road construction sites. • � � . . . � . . � �}.. � . •� - �" . ' Preliminary sites have been studied. The ideaT site should be hard sur- , • faced, either natural or paved, to provide for year around access. it should . be well drained as rrelt . The site should be in an a�ea Yrhere noise and traffie , will not be a probiem yet be accessible from tf�e major road network. Screening of the site shoutd be accom�lished V�ith appropriate vegetation and should be . � ' accomplished as rapidly as possible. This operation shoutd be tied into the same site as the tree chipping operation to keep the prope rty� improvement and operational costs at a minimum. � � . . . • - _ . , The only additional equipme�t required is a leaf shredder at a capital . . - outlay of approximately $28,00.12�, . - '� � - The econo�nic aspects. of a ieaf composting program are based on the volumes of raw materials 'received, the value of the leaf compost which could be used by eou�ty departments, and the type of marketing program developed. Charging � for the disposal of teaves at the site is possible, however, similar operattons in othe r areas have not found this to .be satisfactory. 7he leaf compost could _ be utilized as a part of �the top dressing on road construction projects to , . . . � . ; improve the ultimate turf and lower the cost of future mainter�ance. � . . t�' ► . . The assign�rent of costs for the establ ishment and maintec�ance of a better , ,., . � � . • quality turf is a very difficult tas�;. Tf►e possible revenues reatized from . ' , • • , � s , - ` the sale of compost can offset the cost of production. Some co:nmunities sell ' �: ' . • . , . eompost to their citizens during ths months of April and October. Because of _ tfie unknoY..tis in developing a marketing program for com�ost and the difficulty � • In estimating the future benefits to the County: from the use of compost, no � � revenues heve 6een estimated for this operation. � '• - . `� With public sentim�nt turning toward the environm�nt alith increasing vigor, the idea of recycling nature's refuse into a t-eusable, valuable product meets with the approval of ecviogical groups. • ' � . � _ _ ., - . ' � ' . • Because of their buiky nature, leaves are pooc landfill material . With _ landfill areas as scarce as they are, consN rvation of space is a ve ry impor- ._ . , � . : . . _:. ... ,.. _ ,. ., . . . tant consideration. Recycling l,eaves is one way of conserving this valuable space for future generations. � , � . � _ . _. . , . � The use of this material will result in the building of a better topsott • thereby promoting :a better ttirf growth and enhancing the natural beauty of , the whole area. � Again, this is something that can't be measured in dotlars . : � _ � . and cents. • . . ... � • . � . . . ' . . _ . - . , , . . � , « ��� - � , SOME OF THE QUESTIONS THAT ARiSE MOST FREQUENTLY IN OUR PART OF THE COUNTR���(� .. . � THESE DAYS IS: WHY COMPOST LEAVES? WHY SHOULD GOVERNMENT BE CONCERNED WITH THIS TYPE OF PROGRAM? WHAT IS COMPOST GOOD FOR? WILL IT CREATE AN ODOR PROBLEM? AND AS IS USUALLY THE CASE WITH GOVERNMENTAL BODIES, WILL THE PUBLIC ACCEPT IT AND WHAT WILL THE PUBLIC REACTION BE? � � LETS EXPLORE SOME THE ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS. WHY SHOULD A GOVERNMENTAi� AGENCY BE CONCERNED WITH THIS TYPE OF PROGRAM? I THINK THE ANSWER TO THIS IS FAIRLY OBVIOUS. THE CURRENT GONCERN ON POLLUTION, THE BURNING BANS, AND TNE LACK OF AuA1LA6LE LANDFILL SPACE, I THINK, ARE THE STARTING POtNT FOR AN ANSWER TO � . � . TNlS QUESTION. . W(LL IT FIT IN A PARKS PROGRAM? LETS EXPLORE THIS JUST A MiNUTE, fN MOST COMMUN{T1ES, ANY EXPERTISE IN PR08LEMS OF A HORTiCULTURAt OR AGRONOMlC NA7URE IS FaUtJC1 !N THE PARKS SYSTEM. PARKS PEOPLE TRADITIONALLY ARE HORTICULTURALLY ORIENTED. iTS THE NATURE OF THE WORK. FROM AN AGRONOMIC POINT OF VIEW, ITS PARKS PEOPLE WN0 UNDERSTAND SOIL FERTII.ITY, NUTRIEN7 UPTAKE, AND THE PROBLEMS THAT ARE INVOLVEO IN KEEPING PLANTS SUPPl.IED WiTH A FOOD SOURCE. RECENT ANALYStS OF ONE OF OUR COMPOST PILES REVEALS THAT THE END PRODUCT CON- • TAlNS APPROX IMATELY .8% N 1TROGEN, .5°�6 PHOSPHOROUS, AtJD .3% POTASS itJM. !N AOD 1TION � . - 1 _ _ ' . .. • . � ' � . ' 3 L. . �: " �` TO TNIS, LEVELS OF FROM 3 TU 500 PARTS PER MILLION OF IRON, T_INC, hiANGANESE � . AND COPPER WERE ALSO FOUND. � BUTS l.ETS OfSREGARO, LETS FORGET, ABOUT THE NUTRIENT VALUE OF COMPOST . LETS DON'� TREAT IT AS A FERTIliZER. LETS, tNSTEAD, CONSIDER ITS POSS IBLE USE AS A SOIL CONQlTIONER RATHER THAN USED IN A FERTILITY PROGRAM. , - . GENERALLY SPEAKlNG, PARKS GROUNOS AND ROADS�IDE RtGHT OF WAY ARE LAND . S THAT ARE LESS THAN DE5IRABLE FROM A SOIL STRUCTURE POINT OF VIEW, lETS FA CE 1-7 GENTLEMEN, WE GET THE SAND AND THE CLAY AND THE .SLOPED AREAS THAT A REN'T SUITABLE FOR� ANYTHING ELSE. AFTER WE'VE RECEIVED THIS MARGINAL OR NO V ALUE TYPE OF LANO, , THE COMMt1NiTY CHARGES US WITH MAKING IT BEAUTIFUL AND USABLE. TO CREATE GOOD TOP SOIL HAS TO BE ONE OF OUR MOST IMPORTANT GOALS. THE ADDITfON OF ORGANlC MAT1'ER TO CLAY OR TO SAND TYPE SOILS !S THE FIRS7 STEP IN CREATING THE TYPE OF LOAM SOIL THAT WE NEED TO GET A GOOD TURF ESTABLIS � NED. � TNINK THIS !S WNERE THE REAL VA�UE OF COMPOST LIES AS FAR AS THE PARKS _ APlD GROUh'DS MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS ARE CONCERNED, A SECOND POINT TO CDNSfDER !N THE GOVERNMENT lNVOLVEf1ENT PtC7URE WtTH TFl I S 7YPE OF PROGRAM IS. THE CONSERVATION QF LANDFILL SPACE. (N OUR PARTICU . . , LP,R CASE, THE COUNTY IS CHARGED W1TH THE RESPONSIBILITY OF MEETIFJG rHE LANDFILL ' REQUIREMENTS � 2 _ � s �� � � FOR THE AREA. LEAVES OCCUPY AN IMMENSE A�10UN7 OF SPACE IN A LANDFILL. THEY DO h0T MAKE GOOD �ANOFILL MATERIAL BECAUSE OF TNE FACT THEY DO BREAK DOWN. LANDFILL SPACE HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MAJOR PROBLEhiS tN A METROPOLiTAN AREA. EVERY TIME WE NAUL A LOAD OF LEAVES INTO A LANDFtLI, WE COMPOUND THE EXtSTING PROBLEM. IT IS MY BELIEF THAT COMPOSTING IS A VERY 410RKAB�E ANS4lER TO AT LEAST PART OF TNE LANDFILL PROBLEM. THE RESPONSIBILI7Y FOR LANDFILL VARIES WITHIN THE 1�ARIOUS TYPES OF CiTY AND COtJNTY GOVERNMENTS; BUT ITS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THOSE OF US tN PARKS AND GROUNDS . . � MAlNTENANCE TO HELP PROVIDE AN ANSWER TO ONE OF OUR SISTER AGENCIES. 6ENERALLY, , THlS SHOULD BE ADVANTAGEOUS WHEN IT COMES TIME TO SEEK FUNDS .FOR CAPITAL (MPROVEMENT, � AND OPERATIONAL COSTS TO SUPPORT SUCH A PROGRAM. TNE BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM ARE " REAPED BY OTHER AGENCIES AS WELL AS OURSELUES. THE WASTE DISPOSAL PEOPLE HAVE SOLVED A VERY IMPORTANT PROBLEM, AND WE IN THE PARKS AND MAINTENANCE AREAS HAVE ACCESS TO A PRQDUCT OF MANY USES. IN ANSWER TO THE QUESTION OF USES FOR COMPOST, THIS WOULD STAGGER THE IMAGtNAT10N. COMPOST CAN BE USED AS A TOP DRESSING FOR EXISTING TURF, AS A SOtL BUtLDER FOR PLANTING SOfLS, CAN BE USED iN FLOWER BEDS AND IN NURSERY AREAS, {N SHORT, COMPOST CAN BE • USEQ WHEREVER A QUAL�TY SOtL IS REQUIRED, • . � 3 _ . ,,, , :�: _ , ., . `', . � , ( THE QUESTION OF PUBL(C ACCEPTANCE IS ONE THAT IS FUN TO ANSWER. IN AREAS WHERE COMPOSTING HAS BEEN TRIED, PUBLIC ACCEPTAPJCE HAS BEEN TREMENDOUS. ONE MUNICIPALITY REPORTS IN THE NEIGH80RHOOD OF .40 �. TO 50 TNOUSAND VISITS BY MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC ON AN ANNUAL BASiS TO PICK UP COMPOSTED MATERIALS. IN SOME INSTANCES, THE COMPOST PRODUCT IS GIVEN AWAY AND 1N OTHER CASES IT IS SOLD. E17HER WAY, , ., . PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE IS VERY (MPORTANT. RESPONSE TO THIS RECYCLtNG PROGRAM HAS BEEN FANTASTIC. 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Nature had the fores�ght�to provide us with a com ~.which a relatively h�gh percentage of miro en ma plete system for disposat of all�unwanted pfant mate- .`feasible a"method of composting that. d es`not d riat, As further proof that.the:process' fits into the :`�mand ihe labor involved..in�the Fourteen-pay tech , _ great naturaf scheme of th�ngs,`ttie end products be- ni ue. However,. : .: stow on.the earth;;a number of.benefits we so far Sc entific �Comp st ng,VthereewasenoP ealtch*���, •�� have nQt�been abte to synftiestze�`' k; r ry � � , yr..q � , The �r � � `� - _: ;.= =manageabte, tabor-saving`way.to composirlarge-"in- p oce§s is decomposit�on..:The�system is corrt- �dastriat" uanf�t�es of�waste v ; . - post�ng�The end product is humus rich bonus.deriu- ' �' a - _ egetation. ': ,� �.;: _�: ' ;. �w..— k�. _ ,.: � ing frorr►�the best way yet:dev�sed`to dispose,of huge NOW �A�NEW SCIENTTFlC WAY TQ COMPOST .�� _ quant�ties of.:leaves wihatch, grass clippings, tree'""- ` LARGE � � � � GZUANTITIE . trimm�ngs,�weeds,efc t etc�-� N'�,,;,'`�-' �i,� -r ;�`;," ` S�OF PLANT MATERIAL• - ' -To overcome the ►�miiatfon described above, 'an �� 'a�� _ . �y� : ,: f c �- "i,.ry.-h t 'S'�i..� � ",, SOtL BACTERIA;AND OTHER M1.CAOORGANtSMS�F"°j�:e���ely__new process of;Sc�entific Comoosfing; has .� r' �< f<.�.,�.�: .,,,. The�`key tcT�th�nf�e,p�acess ot� o nposting are = `���d�etoped tiy the :Judd:�Ringer Ca�poiatio�t: �- � the bact�ria si�d-�..gtt�,.e��i�t�ut��qrganiscns ir��the soiJ� B�ed.ori nature's own:system.:of deco�rioositioii,this ° �, �$� ,nitiic�i�cfi�f�re�ac�'ual�o�l��ot�'d�com oscf[ori� hese._�ine�tiod-he(ps_com6at.pol.tutiori,:and elds� "'vaivabt . , P . , _-T �"�n�-"-.. _ , � �y . .,..;e; ':• ;microor' aa�iscns ar�'�iatfir��;dr estive s teri�/z r�-.• Product,�humus:-To�better"compr.etiend,tfie;inarx- � � 9 YS , Y ��: :_They •''c�i'evwt����,,�a�,�,�r-��ec matecia[s;bceak�ng; _�f rne�� of thts new::systerii�„some basics abotrt`baic-. �� < X 'them cf.owrrmt�o;�frrabreK humus�arid.� t glthe,nu:� e ia andertzymes are in or.der L•�. �;t,�.; �u..� - ` , , trient�vwf�ictr`'are''�atisorbei3'by�newe'1`a tsr,�fo� _ ��; a �,""�e.-' ''�'., 'r�=�+:.,'�--r.¢ .r-.`'�''�-��Y�� ' .,x„� "`t";�`".�. 1NHA'F ARE BA� ' � � " COrltillUBt� rowfh.� �. r«:��Re�ae+.+'�•'�.sx�p�{..wtkega:.,,their:� ri�a K � �t�.y ��.����.c�. : .4 y: �.._ g �`" :��'�;`-�`�'�•rc�,.� �;,,: ��-,l�i � CTERtA�; �,��:�.�. f . ..<. M � �,� �r,,. ,,, u� } }� � " � ` 1- ��''� '�'`� '='� �'�Bacteria'are tT1ICKOSCO[�xOR�@j[���'��`��':�- + ;.� ,�;_ =The 6acter�a.�nd:.t�ierF:al}�es4possess-#he-:�rmque> ;. . - - , .P.�.. � ari� - .� ,: _ . .�.- .��.� , � �: < < :power ta fretriendous�y �ed'uce in� bulk°:the"'�iigam�;�. ,�a��d-�R pI�!�,����mals,°'a�c,'�iiatec'and`§pit,,;,it;is; � � ��l ,1mater�a�,�#�ie�;'{eecf on Exc,ept,,for�the�„the�;eartt�.;;���mated tfiat each:gram_,ot soii confains one int�ifon: outd•-6�-caveredwith a_Iayer ofi.'waste::�i[i.nc�re"ds of`r��a�er�a--o�:more:than:two�.pounds���acrg Bacr- ,. Y fee# thick�Conversefy;�it is,�estimaied that it'rakeg the�. } f . , �.tena are �n the soi!because fheif food;is tf�e�e�"A�d;'� � . 3'-=.;.decomposed vegetation. of;;500 years to�make one�," -�err funct�on.;�s to `decompose.'the:organic�Rnatter. � _- mch of#op soii : , � � ,�.��-�; �� ;y;� � 4 �, .� ,, �.,�.�,��:that-comes�.fconi-leaves; straw=and waste.ire etatio�. i - _ .•�`�b"��'�-£.IH�LQ-V1fA �'��.� ��.'� �=}� of alt_tcinds..like all.pian � act r , .S , �_ , _ � ,. ����.�:=- ;�.�.,�' .��::;., Y��;.,�.�-w-� r��,=��- ancf�re roduee Tf� . ts' b, e ia.a�e bn"riY, grcyr. Un#�t:nov+f,.we have�-ret�ed ma�nty on_'6nrning and:�� ~ P y bred"I�k a�a��ttiva�ed t�ke�;crop�;� = selectiv_ef d_concenYrated h�Ce= ' �"the'use of sanifaryr Jaiiditlf fort the disposal of:waste4 � �hemicals , :alt for their�'�iarticutar abit�ty �o.�{'�: , piant maier�at ..I�ow, we�have-came.ta the realization, :: ^'�«�a:specifi�:rote�in'the comp[ex`�process:afdecaii�: ' � : ... < . . seemingty fQO�fate, th�at vacarrt tand �s� a dep�etabl�`- ,posrtian::Some of:,these bacteria are::se`(ected :foe.. - resource ;---�hence the=retat�vely early e�id.o�:landfi(i,;�� the�r abitify to'convertithe`�mtro�e�,in�the atr�irtto�a� . 4 ' as-a method o��dumping��waste Bans-againsti;open:.�,,.,,�foRrr that can��,be__used b�. lants .and otti'�.'�.;�e' ' y `. -burnin��ce atready muctr;,more psrvasive ai�d . � ` " .K P - ty-..._ ,, ,_. ers�,,.� t ,�„ ,�,as�;��,�erectea.;fo��thei��;capabilii� in:,Ejreaking�dai�tri-�he: „ _:�. the urhan;sprawi'confFnu�s:fo�5pread;more_and�mor�x-;-� different:eiemenfs andcor�ipo'�i�ds`,Eac�` '�"e�` � poiitical subdivis�ons�ni�tt`auttaw`tiurn�ng as�'a'means'��tena has its own funcfron�and goes to�work'•on 4,,, �typ`,of b�' :.. of getting r�d of organic waste mater�at •s' �wfterr°. - � >�f �. ��-�.: r ,.� .�,;,.� -�,-.�, Y_,.,,,,;�..�-.w r t�=T��f is needed Aii.must.be present;hawever,'if decorrr-� _ 4 : Tru�composti���has bee�`usec���,a��imtte�ex.r-�'��,_P_osit�arr;is� ta;be-�com�le�e;:.�'�tjere are i.two�� enera�= �. tenL:tQ nd:�fhe e`nveronmen�-o�unwanfed;pfa"nts,�,ffiow`�fypes of baeferia- ;_�:�� 3��;,� _� ,� �-Y--�:;��t•: •• �- , ever, the`oltler �com .ostin methods were usuait ���`�`` '� "a �l- ���•�,� :�-•� ~ �.;��;�'�•�.,.� :� ineffic�en��(predicated on stoi�fy reducing�a relatively~-��erobic bactena.4 w��h,�mu§t t►aye::,c>zyge tQ; ' S►i131f amount -of VHg@t8t1017 m a= re�atively�"�large":= �f��tort.�. ,� �w .:-�v.r� � „�;,,; - -�—c.•..-•�+._.�_� r . :�,:.� '.�'c r�^ •�.--a ' �""�,���.a,�_� , space) These 'former methods �were ='also :"pre- �;,"j - - `�- '--=� -� . 2.'Anaerobic-bactena whtch funcbori-without at`� � � scientific'_:'--as�a large_quantity.of. eartfi. was"used £;��mospheric oxygen �as the �noculating agent„hence takin '� �� �= '` .. ,� � �"= � �' := ; ?_��r?�-'c�- r' - the famifies ofiliacteria involved ,,;r_ � p°t fuck onN , � . Eew�aerobic-.tiaateria deco"mpose cei(ulos�.'-- �8- � ',:� ..:. .,, � �� ��Y ,t:°e : .. Probably the;;best-�_,"pre-scienti#ic" techrn u� o�`'�"�maiR single:canst�tuenf of-'plants: However, herr�icet-- ' � . . � ,q a .fulose=,(a,carbohydrate� and:_lignin (a=ptastic-like; � composhng �s known as the."Fourteen Da�r Method", .� orgarnc .binding materiai)�,�ttie other.two mairi�-cori-. --worked.out.bj�-the.Samtar� Eng�neenng Depart-.�- stituents�otplants,yietd more ceadity fa aejobic bac-` �`�ment:ofthe Urnvers�ty of Catifornia :Designed to;com '':��tena Therefore`�:both;hroad;tamilies_must.be ��� '� . post larg`e:quantities of,c�ty refuse,;;the Foucteen-Day '����.`j��9��RUmbers if tfiere.is ta•be:com lete�a d�•rs� - Method catis for:�a high percentag� ot�manure;:.the . decbmposition ot g�eat quantities af orga�ic�w ate:�- .. comptete;shredding of:the constttuent organrc,�ma�e- ��� Leayes,_particularty, demand:aerobic bacteriatorde,: �, . - riat, and frequent tuming 'These,are often fimit�ng y��composition�becauseoftfi�hi h= ercenta �eof�l� run� --factors ta those seeking to dispose'of iarge;quantities � 9� �p g�._ _ 9 �� of leaves � ` Cupto 309�,,o�ihe ma4erial m-oak leavesj,:a substance r 'grass �clipp�ngs and other matenals in � qu�#e-resistant to composfing: " �-.., ,,., E , �, �. ' ,. : ;,, ti � �-r : r.� <_ � --• �. . . . ti '�r !; �'' ,1 .�t•-c '�`�'h 1 ' z' .A.4�-..r - :. �.+ `.'.s . :. �. 'y. �.t !; � L. . w t ' '�` , .." t �,`� �'`.�1r 3.�, 'i� '33�q j n .. .�*: y Y •?i5{'�,,,�.t � 'C's. �- r►Z.��-.' � t � ,t+ .. _.�_ � . ,�. . �� q �•,, `•tti•n. tti ry � • .�. . . 1' -� '�h r'�.�~s�v,� r - •'s 'y ti+.i.^r�«t,�,��. r k'` t T f-.{.v�� +a�-y,f p� .�,��,K�?� '�- :'.e�� -,t`t �. �`t, } �� "M�a � �•�; ��ri�=' ,-• �'` 'fr,�; ,r y'�,1 ,Z`t�`„y.� .v.;;,�'��'� '^4- r.-"'�,�'. w �.d' 3 � t tr.� �-o ♦ ��." . �y+y��y�. � i Y�a k^�VIIa � s� • �i"'sc4'rY�a.�t'�-���bay�w,"�N„�y����.�'.rS + '��.. -.�+v?*uc5..�n v.rs��'�^°.r'O�.tMi. ++�.p . . y�L+� ^, r 'a `��.�����3.FSC}A'°rN� '�`r�'1t�''��, L ,�,�t�.1,�a � ��+�,� 1 � � _ ) {+`^ +, !-�a y . m' t.�' ..•.`�1:_ r+'����s-�'�3�1Fi�c�'VM�' �'s�"����, . ' S .'.- .. ..M '�_ r. �T, . '� �WHATARE ENZYMES? � �' ,.a 4 f.r w�. `. • - , :'�- - tr +.-�,,.- ' � � ` y '~ < =:, com ostrn . f•.. ,X,.,,.�.�-_: 'Some bacter�a, convert_dead"organic matter�,into . p g er b cteria d ubies�it elf eYCOmposting ' condittons th �` -saluble food.�.However,:fheycannot;bceak:down`the } There are two basic famities:�af-e�2 mes that � _utes! more complez caFbohydrates(hem�cetiutose is one , � _ efY m�n '=s. , .. . sv they musf work together wit�r. eni ines:'ERryme z ; >WOrCc on organic vegetable wastes ��: - y ;. z ,,,: are`naturat orgamc,substances-,praduCed by the:bac °` �'aRd p(anf�bresZymes;,.which attack celtulose (wood -� teria themseives�fo�;break�dowR�tfie--compfex��carbo- , '2 Hemicetlulase. e�zyrnes�,Khieh '".~ r ' ' ,; _ ;, : �, �; hydrates ►nto"simpler forms'�that the:,;bacteria�:can� ~ �lose andrto:a lesser deg�ee,lign�r� r��c� hemicellu �` j. utilize as tood :Thus,it�s seerr ft�at�he fiacteria which�` ��.�Eompo$f Cu[ture is'�urnque;�.ir���a" ���� '�COntribute to coai ost�n are nAf necessa�ify seif: -�� ��i •^ � h �{ -•" � ;>•, � � -:� starting. They-:,mus�`�t'be� cata �' "� . ,�r�' conta�ns-.,�.f...,yY<. �. ,,��,�,. �9�concentration.flf hemiceJlulase en rrres vyhjc��,��� �zed (or acce(era�ed} ?.� i� ' ry ,��.. �►n�o action hen�e,tf�e;vafqe�;ofqthe-;;�oncentrate�f` '�',ofstubborc�carboK�' _, 9 e bacterra a sfrong head-start in the:decomposition �- , , enzymes. in Composfi Culture�nr" ic� #ri f�`t r''�• z Ydrates and the everriess tractabte'�" �� ' "�'" • : .;�,� -.� 99erthey6ac- { ligcun =whr�[��_compnses more-than 3QyQ:�f .,.ter�a-�nto immeclra�e`aci�on-,�.grea ty�acc.el`eratin �tfie 3���:� " �`j `'� ��'` '4�;,�.,,'��.-�.. ;;�,��,.���� y� ��$ �. �.�.,�materiat�n oak�leaves, � =� ���-,� �e pfant� - ' ��'����'h' `�S.`� .�iaf�n` .;i'?�+rL r.t. ,�.fp .- . _a+"� .�: a ' a ��>J �� �{F-��' -s. .'� .�.+r.-'L�Y?��►• :''��. _ �~"'�'\,- •.A'�"�4c9�&°r.�''.�s$a.''7�.at`;M*�-�+;.pi�.y �r•�ys e r::r.-e v �•,;,,� +�;,��x�,,�� � �' st�+c3f�•' �,p�.t � �x: '�+� �e?ti'W���� "� t .�.: h+S��ttr�,el��t `''-''`i5`ayyi''�i�`tt.r ��� t ..,id,Q�.�,i,�x�k� Y � �1'� `144� . ����'e -�T:� s. y' • r-;.e�'A����'��e..x r�k R'r' 'y _ 'Sk yi."+� n „�{�'riy-s . - . .�c � .. � i�^ ��" �r,��i,'�•� 'i.�-` '��SSi A ' _ i �CF.R'�^� F'� �t. s1.� �,;�; .,�Y._''n 'F 4_:.. ..iJ ..rK'!�: ;�",57�:.� 1J�CM� �t "� -.�.+.`n�'�_ '�'"e-;.,.�'+'._ � x�--�- � �:� _�. 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T.� ��..- �{� -�T '{t. �`d., ie . .•1. �X' �'��Y.` #��� 4��-ia"'��� 1 r� ��F ry� ��.�,��,� y, 'w.S'f `� �•~•Z ';; i,ae? � � ' `, .. y �•.. �E' i_ "'`�Q «.44r .��` r - � �r e'• _���IouslY ef " �'ura,.�r ,��, .:�i�rtd` st� F'� ..�,_,� ..11�OES COM .,�:�<.��r ,.�.�-}- z=��.�, - Y.�enzymes :fung�':6�' "'�'' o�� ' ���,:�..�� � � .�..�.�:�� _�- POSTCUL�URE�WORK?: $ , �-��SOY�-on��tlia'� '-''�"�"��.�:. ,:�,�ef :� so��t�d f�oce�t �.p �,,�,_�OR1(]9S�" -CriJRUt'E.':IS�R ���•.�,.n _ R�,�: �,�i :� , _, - .. . ,,� ,-: , =.�bas!s�.��f theic=a�,c��t, � ,�.,. -�.-x„� rerf � , troduaec��rnta a ro �� �:; :� �acess�a��fec,n --��� .�`r•� ��exRe�dit��, �._.Y".,moiS,�@ned'p�te:pf wirici'row�of.�w�Q y�9eta ion� . �~ } :��... ��positc��t, af �., w � � =iisz'tfaCtecra and°e mes,are ac�vafed�n • , . -i� Ystern �Under�;fdeaF com os�n .��cond�tiocis: wtu.cEi,�"'��-�t'�`� . >.,.,., ,,, _: � S � ,.� , �-�•- � '` t � � > ,,c�"' A..�,r ��fp�fee�. �� d immecf i ¢ � �- � _ _�p,.._.seF�dom occur�ii�`ifafurej theSe�mr�i�st' " •s."� �� ��. �. . ,on the br9� �'mat�erFaf that`� �� =. ;�,"�EOrcect fa(iret�_ ,�o�;l�a'c'tec{�-rri,t�r � .°,6�`p�ese�it;;th���:��esent�A�fli�sam�'fime;th�bacte�a�ti .iR.io: -'��' a'�ito er: o �i . .�n�E- P '�.� P��tca�Yr,.�..,���der opt�rtium condit�ons�.�,�� y� �:_ ,;� �� .�Ef��''�� arga'ncc�fiate�r,atS anc� enviro��ten� t'� s'� .� •� bin�r.j�fssion. :��'potfi-the: rocess �-. - 4� p-:,;s;, � e their'number fa�•doubie tn�i�hi�.:2Q_rriiniifss�+`� �' �% P ,�"'ft�e env�rQnmen��is`.:created by�:�r-.. . �tt y ,. ...,. . _..._: . �.,. ,,��,�„ ;. •� ra"er( `b�ilcfing, �:�qm o ' �-rn�- - � 'The bac;�er��:litera[t : "cF�ew up;'°the waste matenaF�, :_e� - �"��ccr�p ovide�''-ttie?�crlincrte oP�i�e'-;:�., eaCc�pos�,��,� � aided by the_enzy�es-;.breaking .do�rn` t '��'.:: ;.,-.�� ., :. he moi�.k � .. ,,��Q��ostj���„�,,�..,� __. =g�ntsms„�fo�;Sc�en�c�.A"��^compfex�chemi�ar.structures'info simple�;.ones tFiat '�'�`' '� ?��' " �'��"�'���'`�'�. � .;-,�°. t��t�a�te�a�can �irt �� z-. < ���s here rx�iere��'Cem os L Cut�rire�`C r�e's'T��u?�� �;Fe�vtrg-�wrrtt��=Q9 �s fQOd�, `��._6acteria. i.cx "`. �. � � _ ;� `?�'�'�sctent,fic�ste��=f��n+a�dtirn.r3fr� ra�ti��;of� ents a,j;s-�'�_ -� _ �i _. ganrc;maferrat, reieases�tnerat`"�. _ ��� . ,�r v _. � , �utneRts, �ases anii. � ,���:�. .�,� omposLR�;;����'�rricaf:�cocesses'=o���ds Meant�,mg:�.the �retatecl , ',�«g;��, alone-, coRiarns=��gtily se��ct�uff anc� concerr'w��,.�,,du � �„�af�d s#rains of tracieria ��n'��fo�rm�n ..�drotysisy oxidatron and re="�'�. `; � acfed€r �l'i�croo�gan�ms�y�ic�,were:p.a�'-' . -- � 9r a�variety of�.°co�pqunds::whieh ,, :.:;�, �fi g tft�many�i�e�trautg be�aus�.� `ca�a�:b�used by:g►ow�ngr new�vege ..� -�;:, aii�o� . �:'o�'�E�re�r cantnb�t�on-tta qu�ck;�Q�ptete"comp ,. .�-�'� _�.,�-.:��.:.a=� tat�ocr �° .-�,,;�. ,- �� :��.�:'rS'��osf:CWtuFe=is� '�".. " ` - - `�, _ '�.r _ � �uruque���irc�;su�ec'►ari�coiklc��n����'T'I�PURPOSE OF CONIPQ$'T�ULT pE,.�: `�. �?x��e,d�sti�c�w����' ',mR�i�J�.sy�yf rFr.hYfs _ v:.r�A4 ._.41- .� '+�^"�P�+T�'{'��.�y.*.,7�,X�',�„ �` .Cam�p���Ctilture ,was,.,conce�ved tc���pedii a�d�' .�. .�..t;�;t�alor�e�-corrta�a;high�pe�centage a�;heaiicellu-��.��;,-.ma�e ma�comptete�'the rraturat•.�:roce. " ,°�:`;�.,'� �`- =°tase; enryn'{es�,,,.�;�atural organrc � iib�taoceg itihich. ;- _-=composition of or -• _ ..P . ss bf;.th�e.;de� �- ����'a� "the'� c�ai ostt�a '"` "���= �" ''�-• �;��- sccentificait setec ed�and oncernt�aferiai: lt ufii�zes.��'�� `� o�c�orga ic.ina eri S�.,.� �� t o. .�fuf�-�`�.�.,�.u�. ��...�.�..... .. - ,strains ,., . �.��.Co:mpost�Ci�tf t� �;�' "�;`` ='+�,�,� sf�' ��,..�,.,�P���naturawmiccoorganismsewf►Fch�a��of ttre•.;.,.:�",:::,:.. 3� aEcomp►is�fhe com;'` 9��p �-°,-? :_ ctaaUy-��� > z'�af'ttrermo hrt�c heat�[ov nG�b cte F�,'�-��e�ceritagg =,�'"f�. _--� �obviafes th .pos�n " rocess:Composting', ot�'� '�' �.-.�„ t.:.�.-. P � ,�..:. �,�,S)';�,.��.::.�_.�.����'9enera�e�.� °U��--�r,.�:.._ ., . e need for theburnmg and dum m �x� ,�. :°. µ° ,�.���saq�fa�'fandfilC of waste vegeta#ion",liistead`it p�` g"`'�`�� �� y�a carripost fieap of'`superior temperature�,T�iese ti�gh ,,.- V� y _ ,<;temperaturas� are,Tvery desirable.because;fhey,;`are.� n� • " • con .� � k� verts this;,r�nwanted materia(�inta a_:unique[y valuable;:?` - s}tmptomatic o��a--��[e,whicf�''destroy� the;;seeds of'r� 'a rt'EU1tt�rai;resovrce:Ttius�the battie�for the env�ron-"'' L'areeds and other;undesirat�feinater'rafs whici� might, : 9 � + gainstthew � r� � ment is oined on two fronts•a Y �� °#ind their U ay into thehea ` � . -. . . asteful pY �,.�,,,- � -,,.�� tices of poliution _and.for. the�+recyciing .of naturat�,•�� 1`�'fM',pi � ..� � ��� _.:1�i z�..... , �- 't`s2' ,"q �"s ..4;.. o„.v � 3 Compost;Cu(�iar�.�,aione ca��a�ct��3li�`BIL�p�}��*�:.� mat,e�r�al�nto�an_ecologicafty-usefu[,co�rinnod; . .�'�- •,• icells of v�abte;nor�-pathoger��c.'bactecia per-grarrr�;�fa�5 ��� ��HATIS HU�VIUS _'AND `� � i � � ` } �, �more ;than ;any sim�tar`�;producC„Aqi`on �. "�° ''���`'r ��+����-.r . . . . . HOW DO�S IT '�. .; _` � ey-hi h�nuihb 9� .these<war�-��� �;,�;�K} ,�BENEFfT7HE,S01L? , ar�.extrem 1 ,� ., ert"af ceflt�(ase-spFift►ng �and�-�":��:`'`.```�.= -.�.�..., av4 �y t ;� � .��:� �. _ n��rogen fixirig bac�eria (fioth.~aero�bcc;�and`anaerobi . n ��u � • :��� � `�;�"'� �; .���*., �� t�_mus-�is wefl=decayed o�ganic-,material the`-end„_�'- ' ,,.v���ircf�::combin� {�rtransforrrr �ft�.�e�FuCose � resent=in' �Product o� the ,mature com ost :;hea _ � �' ;at�arganic wasfes:into humus x� ��;,,;,,��.'�*'�,,,�>;,;�=���"'s bFa'ck,,.waxy •'fat.of=�he��land p�so'�'�. �'""the'.t�ch,:,;:_ = fjc � -�' �_;�-,o�-���i �� �ti._,�ry,. �;` ecessary to the -�- -�Campost Ccritur`e �s currentt�saya�taEile`�n. but�ca� .r s�ta<hotdtan f any soiE::The mairr.function of hurr�us-�'�^ � � � � t ."Sy L ouant�ties Consuit y�ur ;upplier ac t�e,'�udd R�n er"� �' � -• d siot�it plant nuirients „ < y_relQase the +f;orporation� q�, ;::;,� rt� �z �4,,,� �� „„9 �.��. nitrogen, phosphorus, minerals �CQ � -� '� �, ` ,, F��,�. { �'��,;s�'��- � •¢s� ���x v�des the "trace" elements: � the:,zincc� �t�also,pra- .'�t "^. !tm, k-�_J�F '.'(f3e' '3i��;j,�'`�tiJfS�wi'''�°C"ti{'��Kr- c �r���{.�,� .: - ,.� y .. �� ... �a ���.i.y_.,T-T Y.> .'. -r.a z";_._1 .:!S •. � M '� �%�,.�-�►a�-,, � �,��..�.�.�,.� •�,�,��, - .; , . . ._manganese, f,. ----���_.._.� ' � i�i'� .�'��''F M ..,..a...tr_,�,a����� l �C -+'!�4 . � ���`" ~ �: .t ".' .� .:L Y .. \y .y11 I'�'t ^ .-.•t �j . .� !.Y' �3�.1 .) _ w:.� � ����`�IY�'4 ' �y- Y'�y .-�r �`. �• �`�� � �. � �..'. �t? �� i: ..` .�� t 1.. -:ry,u � •t,,�T � ,� [ �,sY I Hi-L-�- �4 •t.I •.� ��t. ♦4-.' S .,s •.ryi��L�r _ •.2'�y�:.�a i. x'_ 1 - `.��rrs�, � . � . � 'i��� . _ . °'�1,��+*�7a��et�SA= . • , '.� ,.,);"'°�T.r:'� °.�� a'�'�`'�i,i-„`�!w'T4'�X^ti�y�i�+'�i�f X�'�r-S "L . �4.�, � - � � r -1... �1 . ..' . .�2°"�4�7["t!.. , -���w :... .- . ��. s �, 7 ,,,,,R_ �7tZ""'�.�`� ^t` Y i�..;., s t'�✓r-dp .� . �w. .. .. . . .�' _ _�;. '`��'^ y 7 )s.� . `+r_...ts <�,� � ,, . . . - . .. '� ... � .�"—'�'f'�fr='�-'-'?! �. s^s•11��Y2;t'YrYr �-.,:�-: . _ . .• . � . . . . '..• . :�' ��.. . �' � � . � � . � .oh. �� ,.: c .. ?+a. cob3it, boron, iodine,etc These com rise onl about � ' � �•. . � p Y 2. Improve the soEt's moisfur�-holdinq capacity . � . � per cent of the totat mine�al content of most soiis; �-. �. l�owever, n e v e r t h e l es s, t hey p fay a�vitaf;role in the 3-� H e l p t he•aera tion o f the soi!—for better plant healthy growth of plants and m�litate against so-cailed gCO1Ni� and structure. � ,; .: - .:;, - . . "deficiency diseases.? 7n•humans •6y.their presence 4. Make the soil more resistant to erosion byrestoring in organically-grovlm�:.food:;)n .addition, humus has , -the natural "stic4ciness." � colloidal properties` through wfiich ii.�prevents the , �: Oniy humus (or firnshed�compost) bestows alt. of leaching out of� soluble minerats .and�makes them • these benefits and advantages in .a single, easil� more readily ava�la[ile to plants :Humus afso can� .applied "package.";Thus, humus is a unique,.agricn!-. alter the pfiys�ca!property of;the soil to restore.certain � °fura�ty-invaluabie b - roduct to .the process�of�, naturai character�stics lost�.through overcultivation,:_ Scientific Composting p'.v►hich enabtes us�-to;dis=�� neglect or_abuse Humus can� �`�:- °T: - � , -:; , ,�;, � �- � �r :� � .� � ' pase of huge;quantities of waste�vegetation�-without °� �i. Help restarerfhe. naturat color� 2exturg and^struc �e need for 6urning;;haut�ng and dumping �rt.dimin-,;� , `ture of soi1.. t �` ,<,�'* �.r��r-�: ' � �� �'�:�- -.�`�, cstun � � rR, ..t ,»�:�,.�-� .�.-��'y, t`��: .,�r�►,�,�-�� }.< : , 9 sanita landfitls , r �. : t � ;. , , _ . ,^s 'S� �nA r?�`r`?^r-^�..'' :.-4�3i.'�'-3a`��L. y w:t 3e-�`. �y3 T.. v 's.Y �` -j" ' � .t .r � s� ' �, - . . _ r.��':s.� - e � �� � �3ts., -a', �;�;r.;'��,.`�'V�,y�tt'�.s..}��`� xv+i-�J.�.E j�ry;7 t -'r.�:i� : � K 4VR M' c1�3�.�i���y�!'514..r+'s�.4.. , � . "4 '�.." � �t.� 5A r.'`y�I` .*t�..x,�1� � , �� .� -•. � a+J�3+�.T' _.4_ . � ' �` � 1,; ir`�.�r;,r�Y'��,�� .s' � "��� ~ � � . i �'., i f� ..fYS� . ' �a�i .+� . . ... . � ':� ' �. •- �:. ��, ..y.,' -r � . `':l2'�w: ��� ��' r .. �., . _ y � .. �� _��• - ..�.. . . � , . �. M �,- � � ._. �.... ., . : - .. ��� . _.i<C �� ...Z. �.,a ... ._... .._... .- . �� ._: ,3� �,y p��.. ��y�y� u �I �• � F,%t� �y I�y� �;.e(�-� ; � .' ... �� - .� . ... "M tC��l+�'��A..ZC Y�'^�"a'���Sw `..leuYa�s,�,��Ti�`5- 9C+r a3Sy �.y'.��`�#{ t �yj.� T'?. .. � . l.s,� { � : y" ''� -� �t�'�t���`<?�. '.'.G�.- '�r�.`-�'PS''�d1'.��-��'+.a��•�4'd�`���U'�..��.�`.�, .� 'SV. a;e'.�•i�i..- Judd,�?.iriger Gorp�raf3o�--,�ecemmgnds�_tfra�`Cam - �`' ' ,� � . �:m�2tfie�y�destroyed,'�i��1s advisabi'e:fo�ad�j'q�:�: ° � "` post;�Cuttur.e�,b��appfied��"�ttte�fatEowntr`gtrrtaaner lf '� Mtity.ot�;carbohydrates to the::� ite ta:` ,all safeguards�are.o6sei�e�and afFo�ihes�e `'s are 5i`��' 'w` ~ ``` . P.. 9enerate tlie,h� �i,t. P,* , .,.,�emperatures that,innll k�ll:#f��$e�s;*rn�s is acco�n�i=:�� rfollowed:�`ir��i�e:;Ri�oper^ocd,eFF�F��r�shoujd .Cie� the � ` [ished`- = addiri r.. . ..�.,�-.��.-x.� �.F;.. E,.. � �qu9ck an,c�`thoroug,Y'redact on,-bf' 'rea��uant�fies of " R.' �� - � -�. 9'common�ta6le sugar to tt�eNAit�a� � J q. , ; � waaste.`cnaieriaC If;�foG any r�ason,1 tfie desiiecf Fesutts,=; �the�ate;of abocrt 5�a:;ta 1:0% Eiased on_the yveight of_` � - tlo:not�obt'ain,, please�;contact ihe�;:;ludd R�nger:Cor ;, �-�e feaves This may;be added to:the wate�used for�:�' ''} j� '�- x:µ r .., r,�w. �_ ,. , wet�mg the rear�es This w�1l:�he(p provide'hig�ti�cotti=.`. ='porat�or� a��yQUr.representa#ii�e s sale�engirteer for '-j � •-_ quicf�,reniediat act�oR Y:�,��`�;��:�,����:�•�:� ' �-;�Posting temperatures:�uR}to�t,Ta°F::TThe;pit�rtonria�t�;�:. � i. Cam � '' ° � "`"'"`""�'"��'~`"� :,�`aeeomposes-r�ost-efficaciotisf '.,at`'�°o eratmi"{ y�*. j_ post�,Gu'Iture shout�be� a�Rt�ed at the m�ni ;., � ,: Q y- _ . P. 9 . .fera-:,. � ' mum;.;rate=;Ao� one-�ialf4pound;to`�acC� tot% of waste�'� peratures of 108: r120,.�:Highg�een stocksdo.not.re-y', ` vegetat�or��fo tie cI'ecom osed�Compdst,.:�ulture ,; ,�-��ire this,carEioF�ydrate"boos;er":because thej�: �`�' ` =: � :.shouf� b�;m►xec�:�nrittr`uvaterfprror=to a""Eieafion.r � :,� t�nya high percentage of both�nifrogeri and�ria��-�� ...� y.c-.. _ �t _ . �ss � .. =minimum of"3�{ti`'�o�`'Cor�ipaS�Y.Cu(ture'f,a�'��galfons��� arbohydrateszDcy, dead leaves are the:ezceptiorr- '��: � •ofv�iate�is�anexcettenfisotutfocy,�i i��.�;,�.-�-�„�:�,utz: ��:Aithoug"htFe-convenf�onaF;�pre-scienfi�c'�vjsd"an - -2.�'Cbmpos� Ct�lfure.,rna�'��_a�p.slQ�S��Q�.� a; �-often ea(!ed fiorthe:addrt�on,of lrme�.and othe�"basic_^_=:`- ,. truck; duric�g colFect�orr o�'at the ,dum ��'t�e ������5 �tha`,cori�pas:�pile fa..:xeduce;�th��'acMt P_.:;sife_,/t �s- . tY'..�`; � .' �. absolutetyz'fmperatruerfha�the;was�e�nateriaf be thor,��°���r�earch;ndicafes_thaf thrs„is not necessa;ry_withM_ `oughfy satt�rateaF=t�vrth �.watef�prlQr�fo�Innocutafior�.�,�i�udd RingeC�Campost Guiture :F�nlshed;�ompos{.': ' wifhCompostCu/ture�and:fha�the�pilg-ne�ertis�per' �-��_��tuta4y..tends�fowa�d,a "neufrat";.Py.:fHydro�ei�ton�-=� � �� y °�cancentrat�on .�of 6 0-T,0 Oiii tes'ts"coiittr'm" �th�'�.`�'_ :'�mitted'fad�y ouf�'de�lly;wtfie;cdmpo,st pt7�shoulrFbe� 'x� : }-.., _ ,.�L�. ,,. ,.. . . _�� keptas damp as a;wrtrnQ=out aponge:� Y°� �� " ' "`�`"' '��p°���s; sn we do not recommerid the'addiNo "` 7 ' •.-��':tw�• '"�,K:,, � ,R � �. ,w-,_.,R-�<;: 3 1ttii�enever possible,.the materials ta be composted t t(r�e�ta_the co" � ost- il� �'VVhaT probabCy::QCC�cs.'i�::� _ ' _should he�chopped.F,rr a�'�a��cexbf vvet#cng aRC1„innocu ;,z.�a� acidic mgredients such-as Tannic.Rcic�.are not'�= , , ':lat�on'�'f,f�is�,;reduces tEteew�stre�trr�buitc anc�*ezposes;=���0°�Q���f°'�Sower rriofecuEa��+vueigh "`-���dg;`suct�t;_ . more�surtace area to�the billrons of rc�ductive�micr'o �'�""as,.:,Gafi�c-:Ac�d.=Tf►is..l`eaves.��i�.;res��l�an�f.h��'� or an,isms in Com ost.�uiture � �`°comfortably within th�;:"neutra�"'ran e=-'Thrs is� �� 5 �..� _ ..�.P ... � 9«atly exped��rng a ,� , 9 -- �:� the process of.decom oset�on ��-^s C.0 a '�,�3.� � �an-�otd pife has.a lower pk{ �ange and woutd reqc���`�:� P.. - z. .� :,�-r� .y..,. t.;. ,�. �.,�w��.,. „ . . 4. It is recommended that the materiai to,be decom �j'���eutrafizer Ttiis �s''another-' advantageYofa ', (cIC:; , pos2d�5e ptaced in wind rows,�eight,�.fo ten;feet high �"corrapost scient��c p�le..- �_ � x;; : ,� � ��; on a base of about tert��,feet.-:The rows�cait•be`an �r��� �'�`� � ' � y' 8� If,for any reason;.your jle-sho�td fose'iis potency ; _ length. Buf;. agam: Compost;�Wture shoufd be-�ap through.contaminatio�r" d g � � � . t. , ryin out or attenuatioA,��_' '�' pliad a: a miniri�urr3 rate,oE orie hatf>pound to each �; mO�ste�.aga�nr.re-innoculate��and�add nitro en :Atso'"" to�of waste::materraF r <w - 9 • , _ ,� ;.���;�.� � �� � ��,,.�-t , s :��e:sure to nofify your.supptrer's sales engineer so he � 5. lt is not necessary to turrr the°prtes However, this =�'� � � ���� ' '� ,,r�caR,-advise yo�_as ta'further=p�o�edures. Hawever;.°` ': procedure riiay,expedite_decompostfion under ceria�n �'"���� You observe.3st�A 1 :throt�g� 7;above.�:you.shouid�=; � . conditions,`or i�_the materral:6e�ng;�compos#ed pos � _��see-,tbe::dramatic r"eduction;of huge .q�anbties o�;� F;�waste ye �et � '" sesses an extremefy5 higE� concentrat�on ,of �lignm . 9 afion in a very si�ort time into tlie urn u 1 �� The add�ng of nitrogen �s also'specuiative, bqt,.`urtder �;usefulagricuttura! prvduct, humus rx;t �q-��: certain cond�t�ons; fhe:;introduction'ot this_•element =�'�-; � µ `-" "` •'Y' �~�'� ' i �'' � ti � .r: i i :t' j �� �`' .y y �t �, q1',. � might certaiN�r be expected ta further the; process . - ` 4;�� .i .;}; ` �-•`�'�s` �;. o�decomposition :- :s °� ' >'�J4+� . COPYRtGHT1971 BY `�;r ���.>;� `�- � ' � ' T'4'.�u4 ��'• �}�pt . .. ,�� . ` . .�.. , Y . - .- 6 It dead leaves are the ma�n const�tuent of'the �le .' � ' ` � � y` , � � � .�.,. 's .",.;' . -' • and �t is desirous to be certa�n that a(f.�seed e ult�� § �1� 1udd rrnger-corpor�atlo�r �r� . �, S.ar .- � , ' �'�� �..:.�'' Y YlY.�� �'^C;f,�''}.�,`.s. t Y i�. tS � . ��FlYk!LCfow7CrNlO EdN1?►a�nt Ir4 �*' �.. , � z � Y w . "�� � � .'� ... ;,. �.. ., : y"'r'*;'�.J; `'.r,�i�r•""y_'`�t : : ..,.rr�a.a�..�Y1Wnt M��COd��61t941 j8pp..;Y . eMOtls�,, �': ._ - ._t s; �. •r, _ti,..�: }t N..S 't�*�`Y,,,y.•t'��w;: F � . ' ' ,..,e�. .. . . • � �ti . � Councilman Tedesco - page 2 . 7/11/73 6• What were the labor and equipment costs incurred in the operation of _ the leaf pickup sites? ANSWE�: Approximately $30,000. 7. What were the labor and pickup costs in the disposal of the leaves? ANSWER: There were no direct costs kept of the disposal part since it was lumped in with the pickup. ` 8• I would appreciate a breakdown in terms of individcial and total numbers of inea and equipment in response to .your Items 6 and 7. �5�: The following personnel aad eqaipment worked on this operatioa; 1 foreman, 4 to 6 laborers, 2 to 5 dump trucks daily, 2 payloaders, aad : a tracked dozer. Also, when available, ,a refuse compactor was assigaed to this work to au�ment the dump trucks. � I trust that this information will be helpful. . � Yours very trulYs � � � Daniel J. ford Director of Publi� Wor s DJD/DEN/em . � . J , + _ � . � , , � . y e'j"�1 - f ' I - s, , 'i� _ M. .��s})i�� . - 7 �f9iiS]!] II . ' .�? 8tl�2C..1)3 _ . (�`^_ ��' 'V ,`l� ,` � � 9 . . . � . � CIZ`Y OF SAINT PAUL � OFFICE OF THE CITY COIINCIL I OITY HALL AND COIIAl' HOUS3E ViCTOR J. TEDESCO SAINT PAIIL, MINNESOTA 56102 MICHAEL H. SIRIAN I Councilman pSONr eis i� 298-5506 Legislaliw Aide � . - . � , FACT SHEET . , . � � Mr. Dunford's letter indicates a total cubic volume of leaves cQllected � from the "Leaf Sites" of 14,000 cubic yards and this amount is reducible to li . � approximately 1500 yards of compost. There are approximately eight yards i � pe� ton of collected leaves and the 1600 tons of compost is determin�ed by � one-third shrinkage due to compaction and another one-third shrinkage due � � to composting action. � . . . . . The inoculant costs $1.25 per pound and is distributed at a ratio ; of one-half pound per ton of leaves with a total approziaate cost of $1100 !or I the culture. The culture is applied by a 2500 gallon flusher truck at a rate of probably 100 pounds of culture per 2500 gallons of water. � The piles are inoculated once. � . � The inoculation process takes a week to ten days to get an eaotherm built up oi about 140 to 160 degree temperature. - .. ,�, Most of the equipment with the exception of the leaf shreader is already . � a part of the Public Works complement. ' ^ • .' . ,, . .. ,.: , . Fact Sheet (continued) _2_ �', The a x`� pproximate cost of one yard of compost is approximately 90� and this figure is reduced as volume is increased. �``��' . : �' �<, . �� This represents a rare opportunity to give something for practically �;. nothing to the citizens - free compost for garden and lawn use. . . � � I�'€: an..�important environmental stap in taking a wasted product, i.e. y�- ':� leaves, and turning it into useful material, i.e. compost. Victor J. Tedesco � ,.. . . � . . .:;# . r:� . . . _ . � :�:: ' �.;� � 4. 1� � � �. �.,. • e, • �: � 3 d