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271603 WHITE - CITV CLERK COUIICII ►'y/ PINK - FINANCE GITY OF SAINT PAUL /1 BLUERy - MAVORTMENT File NO. � ��■ i� � Council Resolution Presented By Referred To Committee: Date Out of Committee By Date I�HEREAS, the Saint Paul City Council recognizes the emergency of the energy crisis and the need for immediate actions and policy decisions to reduce city energy use ; WHEREAS, the Planning Co�mission of the City of Saint Paul has determined that the most timely method of preparing such a report is to cite all possible local energy related issues and to recommend appropriate actions and policies ; and WHEREAS, the Planning Commission has approved the document entitled "Energy Report: Issues , Actions and Policies" as an official Planning Commission report; NOW , THEREFORE , BE IT RESOLVED, That the Saint Paul City Council adopts the policy statements and action recommen- dations contained in the Energy Report, and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That the Saint Paul City 6ouncil recommends to the Mayor that he take action to implement the policy statements and actions recommended in the report. COUNCILMEN Yeas Nays � Requested by Department of: Butler Hozza In Favor Hunt -'�+� _ Against BY Roedler Sylvester Tedesco �� 978 Fo pprov by Ci tor Adopted b ouncil Date C Certi "ed Passe y Cou cil Secretary y �� Appro by Mayor. Date A�G 1 0 1�T� Approved by Mayor for Submission t ouncil � By BY PU��.a�l#�.� ' . ��c.. i . � � � � b �3 1 � . 1 1 � � � � � � ! � i � � 1 � � . ` T � 1 � . . � , DIVISION OF PLANNING ` DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING &ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CITYOF SAINT PAUL SEPTEMBER 1977 i , .. CI'�Y OF �AlNT T�AUL �)w � r�•'' * ,^`ic !,• �� '�l +'� `� � _ / _��(( �' OFFICE OF TFIIE CITY COIINCIL .`\ / �` ��W � ' � ' � 7�� 4� 4., ,� .; �� `�'=` • August 4, 1978 �,,�, .,.� D a t e . . ; -��;:. CO (� i� l�"1 EE f3EPOR�' T O : S�inf Pau! Cifiy Counci! FR 0 M � �OfPlt"�ltfi�@� Oi1 Energy, Uti 1 i ti es & Envi ronment Joanne Showalter , chai�man, makes the following . report on C. F. C] Ordinance Q Resolution [] Ofiher T �T �-E : "Energy Report - Issues , Actions , Pol icies" The Committee recommends approval , please place on Council Agenda . . CITY HALI. SEVENTH FLOOR SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA 55202 .��_�:.>�_, , .,, ��. . . . • r D D D � D � . D � � ' ! . � � � � . � �� _ � �� a ��' . . � � . � � . . � PREMISE . The city can effeEtively deal with the enerqy crisis by analyzing and implementing energy conservation tech- niques in its buildings and operations, and by supporting ; conservation efforts by others. MAIN POI�!'S THE ENERGY CRISIS affects all facets of society and li`�_ styles. � PAST PRACtICES need re-examination in view of the energy . crisis. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL considerations may outweigh strict � �� energy..savings. AVAILABLE LOCAL ENERCY DATA is limited but urgency of ; � crisis dictates actions while more data is being developed.. PURPOSE � RAISE ENERGY-RELATEO issues that affect St. Paul . � REC�IMEND ACTIONS AND POLICIES for public decision-makers. � . REMAIN FLEXIBLE to respond to changing technology and conservation approaches. � � � , ' � . - � . DIYISION Of PLANNINC� '• DEPARTMENT DF PLANNINO AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT '• CITY OF SAINT PAUL 421 WRBASHA STREET • SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA, 55102 • TELEPHONE:612-29&4151 � ' ; < � . TABL.E �F C�I�T�P��'S � � � � . INRD I� s LE EE ` � . ENE I S E S L AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS � . 1 .3.1 NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN 2 1 .3.2 PORTLAND OREGON PLAN 4 1 .3.3 MINNESOTA ENERGY AGENCY 4 �� 1 .3.4,REGIONAL ENERGY PLANS 4 1 .3.5 LOCAL ENERGY PLANNING 5 1 .5 PURPOSE 6 � • � . ENE , , � AND SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED � ACTIONS AND POLICIES ' . N N L NCT ES _ �, S . U � . - . 14 TRATIVE SECTOR � . 14 3.2,1 CITY OWNED PROPERTY MANAGE- 15 � MENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (CPMIS) 3.2.2 THE MINI-AUDIT METHOD 1 3.2.3 THE MAXI�AUDIT METHOD 1� � 3:3 CI Y EQ T ENT 3.3.1 LIFE CYCLE COSTING » 3.3.2 PURCHASE AND OPERATION OF CITY OWNED AUTOS 18 � 3.4.1 VARIABLE WORK HOURS 20 3,5�1 REFUSE HAULING 22 � � 3.5.2 STREET LIGHTING 23 3.5.3 TRAFFIC SIGNALS 25 . 3.5.4 ASPHALT PRODUCTION 25 3.5.5 STREET ANO PUBLIC GROUNDS 26 � MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS � � � i�1. � . � _.__u...�,_._Y..� � . E EN SE 27 �. OVERVIEW 27 �:� G�S—�S�Rf�A� 1F�EL ' 28 � �'3'EI�Ei'F�'�F'��'F�A'�fN�AR�I��FITI�N� 29 VARIATIONS FOR INCOME GROUPS N . 30 � 4.4.1 LIMITED INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE 30 4.4.2 RETROFITTING AND INCREASED PROPERTY TAXES 4. P L N ES � 32 � � ��`S�NE�S-ATV ' 33 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR � E � . 34 � 6.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS � � b�.T��V�RV1`��— 35 ��tE�fiS AR�HfGR� 35 � 6.2.1 TRAFFTC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES • 36 � 6.2.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION`.' 37 b�3"3T6EG�CR� � . 40 6.5.1 CAR POOLING 41 � 6.5.2 VAN POOLZNG 41 6.5,3 BUS TRANSIT 43 . NE � IF'ESTYLES 4 Q � T.T�VE�VI 44 � �'£�'�6IT��6-T�FAV�C'�'I!�'�' 44 � T.�-IN�E`A��'ti U3�6�"�E'�E�TI�NAIC�1� . 48 �J � � � . � � • � 1� � � � . . � ' �� . � , HE N � PRIVATE ENERGY RELATED PROGRAMS 8. OVER IE � . . E � 0 � 8.6 ENERGY UTILITY RATES 8.6.1 DECLINING BLOCK RATES 51 J 8.6.2 LIFELINE RATES 52 � 8.6.3 OFF PEAK RATES 52 ,� 8.6.4 MASTER METERING 52 . N � IB PH � � . . � � � � ., � � � � � � v : , � ' °�" �'" ;��r'�' A�� IL�L`STRATIONS l� . � ;� FIGURE PAGE TITLE 3-1 14 1976 City Of St. Paul Energy Consumption, � City Owned Properties Only 3-2 19 City of St. Paul Specification.for � One to Four Person Passenger Vehicles 3-3 24 Mercury Vapor to High Pressure Sodium Conversion Analysis of Payne Avenue .- Minnehaha to Hawthorne _ � 4-1 31 Age of Housing Units. 1976 7_� 45 Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled In � . Minnesota (In Mil�ions) �' � ' � : � , �� _ � .. � � � . � � _ � � vi � � � 1 .0 INTRODUCTION � � . . PR B E ENT e energy pro em n t e ty o t. au s a re ec- � tion of the national energy crisis which is: DEMAND FOR ENERGY IS INCREASING WHILE SUPPLIES OF OIL AND NATU�AL GAS ARE DIMINISHING. The results of this problem if not arrested will be increasing energy costs and lifestyle � changes for all consumers. � . ENERGY CRISI . e energy cr s s w eventua y a� ect a acets o VERSUS SOCIAL AND society and lifestyles. Past decisions based on and ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS reinforced by economics or lifestyles now need reconsi- �'�1 � deration from an energy standpoint. However, a govern- ' mental agency, such as tF�e Cfity of St. Paul , must exercise caution to avoid actions that may (or may not) be energy wise but socially and dollar foolisn, � Care must be exercised to ro erl balance ener con- P p Y 9Y cerns with environmental , economic and social considera- � . tions. A need exists to recognize existing public and private investments as "givensN, and to use them in the most energy efficient manner possible. � . . K i e energy as een a concern • s�me n�w e gei e people for centuries, it has only been in recent years � that the general public in this country has become aware of the potential problem. Americans have been accustomed to abundant, cheap energy, and as a result, our nation 1 has developed a stock of capital goods - homes, cars, and +� factory equipment - that uses energy inefficiently. . However, the days of abundance are now drawing to a close �, and American society faces sobering new energy realities. Domestic reserves of oil and natural gas have been declining since 1970. Imported oil and other possible � substitutes for domestic oil and gas are now expensive. As a result, the available supply of cheap oil and gas is being rapidly exhausted and the consumpt9on of them can- � � not continue to gr�w at a pace to which Americans have become accustomed. � � � 1 "The National Energy Plan", Executive Office of the President, Energy Policy and Planning, Washington, D,C. , April 24 , 1977, Page 1 . '� � 1 . � � . � • � Today, America consumes far more energy than any other nation. With less than 6% of the world's population, the �. United States consumes more than 30� of the world's � energy. America consumes twice as much energy per capita as West Germany which has a similar standard of living. America's rapidly growing demand for energy has not � resulted entirely from broad economic and social develop- ments. With some exceptions, such as the restr9ctions on � oil imports during the period when foreign oil was cheap, government policies have generally stimulated energy demand. Tax benefits to producers and regulation of � prices to consumers have kept the price of energy below ',� its true replacement cost, thereby promoting cons�anption and waste. Large volume consumers of electricity and � natural gas have been given discounts. Government policy � has subsidized and protected energy inefficient truck and air transportation. The interstate highway system has . encouraged automobile use. Local highways have drawn � people, b�siness and energy out of central cities into subur6ia. Thus, the American people have been led to believe that � � the oil and gas they consume will remain cheap, when in fact, new additions of oil and gas supplies already are expensive and inevitably will become more so as existing � supplies are consumed, . �� In response to the energy crisis, the Executive Office of - the President has prepared a "National Energy Plan" with specifTC legislative proposals. This plan includes ele- � ments of conservation, oil and natural gas supply, conver- sion to coal , nuclear power developments, hydro-electric power, non-conventional resources, solar energy, geo- � thermal energy, research development and demonstration. and emergency assistance programs. While each of the proposals in the National Energy Plan will affect the people in St. Paul in some manner, those which have a � more direct effect include: . � 2 Major portions of this paragraph taken from "The National Energy Plan", page 4, ` � � 2 � � �1 . � 1 .An increased federal tax on gasoline, which in turn � could ultimately reduce road maintenance and construction funds if automobile use decreases; � 2.Removal of the federal excise tax on inner'city buses which could have a positive effect by stabilizing or decreasing transit subsidies in the Twin Cities; � 3.Improvement in the fuel efficiency of the federal — automobile fleet and initiation of a van pooling program �1 for federal employees which could set an example and provide incentives for the city; �' 4.Proposed tax credits for conservation measures which � would directly affect the homeowners in the city; 5.Proposed requirements for utilities to offer insulation service; � � 6.Pro osed residential conservation loans; P � 7.Increased funding for current weatherization program for low income households; 8.A ten percent tax credit for business investments in � approved conservation measures; = 9.Federal grant program to assist public and non-profit � schools and hospitals insulate their buildings; ,.._ lO.Inclusion of conservation measures for state and local � government buildings and local public works programs; 11 .Utility reforms which will promote conservation by all users; and � - 12,Tax credits for installation of solar e ui ment. q P � Whi1e the National Energy Plan has many positive over- tones, it fails to discuss in any detail the vital role � that cities must play in the future use of energy. The cities of this nation represent the grass-roots level at �� which most federal and state plans and programs are � administered, implemented or enforced. Local land use and transportation planning are two such areas given � litt1e consideration in the Nat�onal Energy Plan. � I� 3 ' � � _ � � � . The�City of Portland, Oregon has recently completed. a federally funded energy conservation plan and program � , (see Bibliography). The pur�ose of this project which � began in July, 1975� was to: . � 1 .Collect data on Portland energy use; 2.Develop programs for saving energy in Portland; and 3.Develop conservation planning methods that could be � used by other ctties. � � This plan will be a vajuable tool in the development of � energy policies for the City of St. Paul . N N �The�Minnesota Energy Agency (MEA) is charged with analy- zing and meeting energy needs of the people in Minnesota. - The MEA is the primary implementing agency for energy � legislation and represents St. Paul 's link to the federal government for energy loans or grants. Current efforts of the MEA which directly affect St. Paul include several � grant �pplications, the Thermoqraph Photo Interpretation Project, a voluntary cttizen outreach proqram, �rocurement . assistance, and enforcement of 1917 legislation requiring energy records of city-owned buildings. � . E The Metropolitan Council has a direct long term effect on � the energy usage in the metropolitan area primarily . through its land use planning efforts. The Metropolitan Urban service area (MUSA) will assist in preventing � further urban sprawl and costly investments in energy inefficient development. Increased development in the central cities and first ring suburbs should result. The Metro olitan Transit Cor�nisston is an im ortant � P p agency in determining the future energy needs of the area. � The existing and proposed investments in buses and other � forms of mass transit will result tn decreased use of and . reliance upon the single occupant automobile trip. . �3 Sumnary of Conservation Choices, prepared by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill for the City of Portland, Oregon, June, 1977, page 1 . 4 1977 Ener Omnibus Bill Cha ter #381 . � 9Y � P ) � 4 � � � � � 1 .3. LOCA EN GY ANNING �� The St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, 3M and other local businesses and industries have been concerned about the rising cost of energy for several years and have been active in energy conservation efforts. Ouroboros, an r experimental energy efficient home in St. Paul has been � under development for the past two years. During the energy emergency of early 1977, Mayor Latimer made per- � sonnell available for assisting people that were running out of fuel . Mayor Latimer established a Technical Energy Advisory Commfittee fin January of 1977, to develop ," � � recomnendations for energy conservation methods in busi- ,i' ness and industry throughout the city. Northern States Power Company� �,a�or oi1 compant�es and others have contributed to energy conservation in the city through � educationa1 and other programs. � . SC Jur s ct ona oun ar es w m t t e rect e ect� any energy policies for the City of St. Paul . St. Paul � has neither the power nor the authority to deal with foreign countries, off shore drilling companies, or others that supp1y fuel , Similarly, we cannot impose � new taxing programs, nor develop new forms of energy without federal or state assistance. The city's primary energy efforts should, therefore, be directed towards � energy conservation and energy efficiency in those areas over which it has direct influence. In other areas, where the city does not have direct influence, it can � make legislative recomnendations on proposed laws that � ultimately affect our energy supply and its cost. The Mayor's Office has requested a final energy report by � October 1 , 1977. The combination of the urgency of this request and the complexities (Portland. Oregon took two years) and dynamic nature of the energy crisis do not � • allow time for a detailed energy data inventory and an$lysis. This report w111 � ther6?'ore, rely on readily , available data where appropriate. and other studies (see Bibliography) applied to our local situation, �� 5 ' �, � � 1 .5 PURPOSE �w�w$ � T e first purpose of t s energy report is to raise ,, energy-related issues that affect the City of St. Paul � and recommend actions and policies for today's and tanorrow�s public decisiontmakers to use to guide the future use of energy.in St. Paul . Refinements � . and amendments to these po�icies will take place as data on the energy use in the city becomes more available. A secondary purpose of this report is for city government � to provide an incentive and set examples for private industries and residences throughout St. Paul in the � efficient use of energy. � �� . E ta rom t e ann ng v s on o t e ann ng an � Economia Development Department prepared this report using local , state, national and international data and resources combined with inpu� and review by local , re- - � gional , and state people, businesses and committees. The � Environmental Corronittee of the Planning Comnission re- viewed the development of the report and will present it to the full Planning Commission for adoption as an Energy Report. The Planning Commission will in turn present the � plan to the Mayor and City Council for their considera- tion. , � i , ! � . � �� ,l �. 6 �. � �� Ll��GY �`st�L�, ��'J�'CTIV�S, AND ;�!!�� r� RECi;�!��l�� :�GTiONS AND POLICIES � � � . N L PLE Goa s an o �ectives t at ea wit energy issues or t e � City of St. Paul should be in conformance with those � goals and principles established at the national level . Any plan so developed witl a13o have to recognize the � ongoing planning process. Policies may have to be ad�us- � . ted as new experience and k�towledge are gained, as new technologies devplop and as political and economic� circumstances change. � The National Energy Plan provides a framework of ten "principles" that will assist St. Paul "s goal , �bjective � � and policy formulation. These principles are: l 1 ."The energy problem can be effectively addressed only by a government that accepts responsibility for dealing � with it comprehensively and by a public that understands its seriousness and is ready to make necessary sacrifices.'.' � . 2.NHealthy economic growth must continue." 3."National policies for the protection of the environ- � ment must be maintained." - . 4."The� United States must reduce its vulnerability to - potentially devastating supply interruptions." � 5."The United States must solve its energy problems in a manner that is equitable to all regions, sectors, and � income groups." 6."Growth of energy demand must be restrained through conservation and improved efficiency." � 7."Energy prices should generally reflect the true re- placement cost of energy." � 8."Both energy producers and consumers are entitled to reasonable certainty in government policy." � 9."Resources in plentiful supply must be used more widely, and the nation must be in the process of moderating its ' use of those in short supply." � 10."The use of non-conventional sources of energy must �be vigorously expanded." � 5 "The National Energy Plan", Page 26 through 32. � � 7 ' • � � . � .� . e rema n er o s p an ra ses energy re a e ssues ACTIONS AND P�BLICIES and suggests actions and policies for adoption. Fo11ow- � ing is a tabulation of the recommended actions and poli- cies. . � . The columns framing the recomnended a�ctions and policies � give the reader a ready reference to determine: 1 .Whether the statement i�s an action or policy. The � distinction was made based on whether the statement re- � �uired a one-tlme. effort (action) or an ongotng ef�ort policy). � 2.The page number in the report that the action or policy � along with discussion could be found. � 3.The area of rna�or responsibility for implementing the recarmended actions or policies. The responsibility _ . areas include the Mayor's Office, City Councll , and all � city departments (the Mayor and City Councii are shown as having prtmary responsibility for implementing all policy recommendations because of tfieir legislative authority). This co1umn was added nt the request of the Mayor's Tech- ;� � • nical �nergy Conservation Comnittee to provide all • • readers and particularly the pu6lic decision-makers with an indication of how each actfion or policy could be � implemented, . Recommended � � Found Action Policy on Pa�ge Responsibility � . City Administrative Sector '``� X 17 Commit the necessar fundin and 1.Council �� Y 9 personnel to establish a complete data 2.Finance Dept. inventory of all city owned property (Property which will include, but not be limited Managen�ent) ` �'. to, energy use and costs and building • maintenance and operational costs. � � � r h ili r r sen ati es and 1.Ftndnce De t. � , X 11 Wo k wit ut ty ep e t v p the Minnesota Energy Agency to determine (Property immediate energy savings techntques in Management) . � city bul1dings �conduct mini-autlits described above) and conduct complete energy audits �maxi-a�udits) on buildings when it appears advantageous based on �� energy data inventory and analysis. X 18 Utility 11fe-cycle costing techn9ques 1.Mayor & Council � in the purchase of all ctty equipment. 2.Finence Dept. �Purchasing) ��. 9 . � � , - . � t : � , . � . � . �' ons stent w e nat ona pr nc p es an w t e � OBJECTIVES �cope of St. Paul 's efforts and with St. Paul 's �st,and FOR ST. PAUL urrent planning efforts, the primary goal of this report " � hou3d be: "TO USE ENERGY IN THE MOST EFFICIENT MANNER �� - � N THE CITY OF ST. PAUL THAT WILL CONTINUE TO PROVIDE FOR � � . EIGHBORHOOD VITALITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE ITY." In order �to achieve this goal , general goals and b�ectives as follows will be necessary. � � ENERAL GOALS �j.To ensure that pubtic health is not detrimentally � � 'ffected .by the use of (or lack of) energy in the City of �t. Paul . - 2�To use energy in the most efficient manner in all city � f cilities. ► � 3 To encourage the efficient •use of energy by every � - c nsumer in the ctty. � G NERAL OBJECTIVES �; 1 .To ffind and eliminate all energy waste in city facili- �; ti s and operations. - 2�. o reduce city energy consumption. � 3. o set exampl.es of efficient use of energy for business ar�� lndustry in St. Paul . . . s � 4.�o provide incentives and assistance for the efficient . us� of energy �o residents, business, and industry in � . St j Paul . 5. � encourage the use of alternate, more abundant sour- ces o� energy tn St. Paul . � 6,T prepare contingency plans i�n the �event of energy , cur a�lment. � : 7.T� promote the effictent use of existing public systems ' , to n�inimize energy consumption. � � � 8,To� educate people in the wise use of energy. . _ . . 9,To;monitor and encourage l�gislation which supports the � goa1� and objectives of this plan. + � 10.T develop energy efficiency rating systems for all �r buil ings within the city. �'� � 1 _ ;`� � . g : � - . � . �. �' , �:< Recomr�ended Found . } �'�, Actton Policy on Page Responsibflity . � Residential Sector . � � X . 28 Minimize the use of netural gas in 1 .Mayor & Council � . city facilities and operatlons.. 2.Finance � . � (Property Man.) X 28 Encourage businesses and industries 1 .Mayor & Council �- . _ to minimtze their use of natural gas. � X 30 Encourdge insulatton standerds be met 1 .Mayor & Council ' as a conditton o� granting low- 2.PE0 � interest rehabilitation loans. X 30 Support legislation estab1ishi�g a 1 .Mayor b Council truth in energy rating system for � residences at tlme oP res��e. X 3L Support legislation that reduces the 1.Mayor & Council , impact oi' property tax increases for �` improvements to St. Paut "s Fiousfng stock. X 31 Provide technical assistance to 1.Cortmunity ,ti • St. Paul homeowners desiring special Services , retrotit pro3ects to improve their hanes energy use. � X 32 Support legislation which requires 1 .Mayor b Council mandatory labeling of ma�or appliances, � in terms easily understood by consumers, to inform buyers of the energy and , dollar cost of operating them. Transportation S_vstems � X , 37 Examine existing roadway design widths 1 .Public Works � and construction speciftcations for potential energy,and cost savings. X 38 Re-examine the existing policy for 1.Public Works � , construction of new sidewalks to make � walking a safe alternate mode of transportation. ' . � X 39 Recognize and encourage the bicycle ds 1.Niayor & Council an alternate mode of transportation 2.Public Works � on the public streets and highways. 3.Community Services 4.Police � � � 1 . � � � • � . i � - Recommended �ound - Action Policy on Page Responsibility � X 1@ '�he cit should strive to a�t least meet 1.Fin n y . a ce � Qr exceed the proposed federal govern- (Purchasing) � �nt standards of two miles per gallon 2.A11 departments � nbove the a�vera�ge fuel econa�y standard a�plficable in T978 to four mi1es per . g� 11on above the nverage �uel economy �, s andard applicable in 1980 and there- a ter. � X � 18 St�dy the current mileage reimbursement 1.Finance pr�ctices in relation to providing pool (Accounting) cass for city employees. 2.A11 departments � X 21 De 1op a contingency plan to ad�ust 1 .Mayor's Office em oyee working hours that �till (Personnel ) . res ohd to an energy crisis. � X 26 Ana�yxe all energy intensive city 1.Public 4brks ope ations for potential conservation 2.Community Services � pro�ra�ns 3.Pol i ce & Fi re X 26 Replpce incandescent and mercury vapor 1.Pub11c Works � ligh�ing with more efficient high � pres;ure sodium lighting; turn off ligh�s where possible. � X 26 Instajll only high pressure sodium vapor 1 .Public Works ligh�ng in all new lighting installa- tions � ; X 26 Analy'e 'and implement, if feasible, 1 .Public Works metho s to reduce energy use on � traff c signals. X 26 Encour�g� infill housing or other 1 .Mayor & Council . approp�^i�te construction on vacant 2.Planning & � land wtthfin the city. Economic Dev. , (PED) � X 26 Study �,he existing zoning code to 1 .Planning � . determi�e possible revisions that are Economic Dev. consist�nt with energy conservatlon. (PED) � �; � � i � � � �O � _ : • � . � Recorrmended Found � Action Policy on Page Responsibility � X 4� Support efforts which have proven the 1 .Mayor & Council � economic feasibility of alternnte modes 2.PED � . of transportation inherent tn the shared ride system. �� X 43 . Support incentives to pranote and 1.Mayor & Council increase involvement in the shared 2.PED ride system, such .as: � ' a.Provide priority parking for car/ van pools; b.Design standards for parking ramps to accommodate van/car pools; and � c.Provide financial incentives for car/ van pools and transit usage. X 43 Provide ongoing �n�ching service �or 1 .Mayor & Council � cars-vans-buses and form demonstration 2.PED grants and other more direct subsidies � to front end development. of programs. X 43 Support MTC's goal �to reduce the 1 .Mayor & Council proportion of driKers to riders by 50�. 2.PED � Energy & Lifestyles X 47 Improvement and expansion of the city�s 1 .Mayor & Council � park and recreation open space areas 2.Connnunity should continue to be a ma�or component Services � , of capital improvement programs. X 47 Work with the Metropolitan Council to 1 .Comnunity utilize the "D�nand User Study" ns it Services � relates to St. Paul recreational facilities. � X � 48 Study the feasibility of establishing 1 .PED neighborhood carmercial service , c8nters. � . � � � � 12 f . � , �. t s . � , �� j � Recomnended Found = Action Poiicy . on Page � Responsibility � a e Ener Pro rams � Oth r -Public & Priv t X 49 . Wor with the Minnesota Energy'Agency 1 .PED � to �t e�fectively utilize the ' The raph Photo Interpretat9on Pro3ect ' ; . to ssist residences and businesse� � wft irr the city in det�rminfing their hea lpss and resulting insulation needs. j X 50 Enc nage continued progra�ms of energy 1 .Mayor & Council � awa ness by public and private ins tutions. ' { �X 50 Enc � rage educational systems to 1.Mayor & Council inc pbrate energy conservatton 1n � . thei curriculums. � r X 52 Work wtth the Minnesota Public Service 1 .Mayor & Council ; Conm ssion and private utfilfities in � St. aul to ensure rate structures that 4 • are ei�sitive to energy conservation �j and bility to pay. � X 52 Util ze passiv� solar systems in all 1 .Mayor & Council � new acilities and in the landscaping 2.A11 departments , arou d existing facilfities. X 52 Enco r� e the continued development of 1.Mayor & Council �` 9 , alte nate energy sources for wide- spre d .applications. � �. _ � �� : ; . � � � ' � .. ` � - � . . . j ' . ' �� E � � . � .. � . � . . . .. � ' .. . � ± . . . � � i 13 �,,. � � ' 3.0 CI�i� ADMINIST}2ATTVt SECTOR � ' . . ER I W Imp ementat on o c ty a ministrat ve act ons an po - cies affecting city owned and operated facilities and , equipment and city personnel will result in savings of energy and the future effici.ent use of energy. City administrative actions and policies will also help to set � examples for the private secto"r. Ultimately, the most important role for local government � may be that of a "spear.-Fieading" force in the development and implementation of energy plans for the "whole" community. By its very nature, it is in a position of � � being able to draw from the full spectrum of resources within the community, including citizen, private sector, and governmental finput. � . EE E e ity o St. au owns an ma nta ns more t an 0 physical structures with a total 1976 heating and cooling � . utility bill of nearly $2.5 million (see Figure 3-1 below). This figure does not include the heating and c000ling energy in rented offices, nor the gasoline or oil used in � city operations. FIGURE 3-1 1976 CITY OF ST. PAUL ENERGY CONSUMPTION � CITY OWNED PROPERTIES ONLY Energy Source Quantity Used Cost � Fuel Oil 542,870 Gal . $ 184,576 Electricity 465,341 KWH 1 ,959,432 Natural Gas 16,416.27 MCF 274,151 � Total $2,413,159 � Unfortunately, records of where and how this energy is used are not readily available. Yet, if the city were to I . implement energy savings techniques, nearly $250,000 could be saved for each 10% reduction in energy heating , and cooling alone. � . � � . � 14 � � . � � . � 3.2. CiTY OWNED PROPERTY N GE- MENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (CPMIS) � The CPMIS pro�ect will provide a valuable inventory �of these structures for use in .the property management of the city. More specifically, relating to energy usage, � CPMIS will produce reports on:" 1 .Energy use by fuel type by building; � 2.Energy costs per building; �3.Overall building maintenance and operational costs; and 4.Costs related to building space and tasks. � CPMIS is currently being developed and tested by the staff in the City Property Management Office of the Finance Department. Funding and personnel commitments by � the city and coordination with simi�lar ongoing efforts by the M.E.A. are necessary to implement this program. � Mini-audit is a phrase that describes the recently developed concept of cursory, on-site inspections of industrial , commercial , and public buildings. These � inspections take one to two hours and are conducted by individuals or small teams of specialists who walk through a facility observing and visually analyzing buil- � ding structure, systems, operational practices, and other factors that may relate to energy consumption. Two ma�or areas of possible energy savfings receive special atten- tion: measures that could be implemented quickly and at � little or no cost (usually associated with operation and maintenance practices) and retrofitting possibilities . that might require some, though not extensive, capital � investment. As soon as possible after the mini-audit team inspects a � facility, a report is prepared, This report draws hea- vily on a standardized list of recomnendations and suggestions that often apply to a particular building . type. When the report is prepared, it is presented to � building supervisors for use as a conservation tool . A preliminary "field test" of the min9-audit method on ' two city libraries has indicated that large potential � energy savings are possible. . � � � 15 � ■ � � Mini-audit teams are not currently available in all parts of the country, but a number of utility companies have � particfpated in or have indicated an interest in mini- audits. For the most part, mini-audits conducted to date have been provided at no cost, but as demand for the service increases, it may be necessary for utilities or � public energy offices to charge a nominal fee for the service. It is presumed that this fee will average $200 per faci�1 ity. � * � ' E - E � To obtain the greatest possible information on conser- vation measures that might be applicable to a given facility, a maxi-audit can be performed. To perform a maxi-audit, a consulting engineer or other � qualified contractor is instr.ucted to prepare�a thorough , analysis of current energy use in a particular facility. � The contractor also identifies measures that, if imple- mented, would reduce energy consumption. These sugges- tions range from no-cost and low-cost operation and � maintenance procedures to rather major energy conserva- � tion retrofit measures. Each recomnendation is analyzed as to its initial cost and expected energy and fuel cost savings. � The report that results from a maxi-audit serves as an energy planning tool for top management. Operation and � maintenance recommendations can be implemented immed- iately and retrofit measures can be accomplished in order �f cost/benefit as funds become available. � The maxi-audit gives the most accurate analysis of the cost and benefit potential for various energy conser- vation measures; but, the maxi-audtt is relatively expen- � sive. Audits of this type that have been performed to date have ranged in cost from $3,000 to $10,000. The . cost will probably decrease as c�ntracting firms begin � to specialize in the performance of maxi-audits, but the cost will still be far greater than the mini-audit. . � � � 16 � � � . � t�ECOMMENDE� AC7IONS 1 Commit the necessary funding and personnel to establish a complete data inventory of all city owned property which will include, but not be limited to: energy use and costs and building maintenance and qperational costs. (This � policy represents a comnitment to the above described CPMIS project. ) � -Work with utility representatives and the Minnesota Energy Agency to determine immediate energy savings techniques in city buildings. Complete energy audits � (maxi-audits) should be conducted on buildings when it appears advantageous based on energy data inventory and analysis. � 3.3 CI Y E I�EN� purc ases ma e y t e c ty �nvo ve energy in t e manufacturing process and, in the case of motor driven � equipment (air conditioners, autos, trucks, etc.) energy use in the operation. � . . , E LE 0 G Conscientious efforts have been underway for some time to develop an efficient and mechanically sound fleet of city � equipment. However, in some cases in the past, initial capital outlay has been given higher priority than life cycle costing. Life cycle costing which takes into � account initial capital outlay, but also operating and maintenance costs for the life of the machinery should be used as a primary consideration in all city purchases. � � � 1 � � � ,� � � . � 3. . PURC S N N C Y N S The current standards for purchasing new automobiles are � shown in Figure 3-2. The city should strive to at least meet or exceed the proposed federal government standards of two miles per gallon above the average fuel economy standard applicable in 1978 to �four miles per gallon � above the average fu�l economy standard applicable in 1980 and thereafter. These standards would result in city vehicles attaining a minimum of 24 miles per gallon � in 1980 and 31 .5 miles per g��lon in 1985. An additional issue involves the current driving prac- � tices of city employees and mileage reimbursement poli- cies of the city. Current practices find some employees driving their autos to work daily in the event they are asked to attend meetings, make field trips, or inspec- � tions during the work day. If those employees were not reimbursed for mileage but had access to a "pool" car the . net amount of travel may be less. � RECOMMENDED POLICY t ze e-cyc e costing techniques in the purchase of all city equipment. � RECOMMENDED ACTIONS e c ty s ou strive to at least meet or exceed the � proposed federal government standards of two miles per gallon above the average fuel economy standard applicable in 1978 to four miles per gallon above the average fuel � economy standard applicable in 1980 and thereafter. Study the current mileage reimbursement practices in relation to providing pool cars for city employees. � � . � � 6 "The National Energy Plan", page 39. � � 18 � � � . FIGURE 3-2 CITY OF ST. PAUL SPECIFICATION FOR ONE TO FOUR PERSON PASSENGER VEHICLES � . � . SIZE: This will be a compact vehicle as defined by the Environ- � mental Protection Agency (EPA). NUMBER OF DOORS: Four doors. � TRANSMISSION: Automatic � BRAKES: Power assisted front disc, rear drum; or power assisted � four-wheeled disc. STEERING: Power or power assisted. � MILES PER GALLON: Minimum miles per gallon shall be 18 mpg city driving as published by EPA for the model year to be purchased. � WARRANTY: Twelve months or 12,000 miles, whichever occurs first, and the dealer shall pick up and deliver the vehicle at the city shop for all warranty services. IBATTERY: Heavy duty. � HOOD RELEASE: Interior TRUNK LIGHTS. Shall have a trunk light. � COLOR: Color shall be selected by the city from the standard colors available for the model year at the time the purchase order is awarded. � INTERIOR. The city shall select from the standard optional inter- iors which the vendor offers at no additional cost. � � � � � � ' � 19 ' � � . , e c ty government n St. au s one o t e argest � employees in the entire city. Energy saving policies � established for its employees would set examples for other large businesses in the city. The data inventory discussed in Section 3.2 will assist in this endeavor by � � providing reports on building space use (i .e. , employees per square foot) compared to fuel usage and will help evaluate any proposals implemented. � E KH � Variable work hours represent a potential low cost method � of saving energy in transportation and buildings. Detailed studies on the impact of variable work hours in relation to total net energy savings have yet to be developed, however. � The concept of variable work hours as an energy saving opportunity in transportation planning is one of reducing � travel demands dur�ing the peak time periods (a.m. and p.m. rush hours). Variable work hours can accomplish this by effectively spreading the peak time travel � deman�s over a longer time interval . The three cate- � .gories of variable work hours are: 1 .Staggered - employee or employee unit selects or is � assigned a fixed starting and ending time, usually from a limited number of options. 2.Flexible - employee may start or end work at any time � outside a core period during the day. 3.Four Day Week - employee works only four of seven days. From past studies, a staggered work hours program would � appear to be effective in reducing: (1 ) capital costs for transit; (2) overall petr$leum usage for transpor- tation; and (3) air pollution if it met the following � criteria: � 1 .It were conducted on an areawide basis such as the � entire central business district; and . 2.It receives full cooperation from employees and employers. � 7 "Variable Work Hours in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area", a working paper prepared 'For the Metropolitan Transit Comnission for the Twin Cities Area, St. Paul , Minnesota, April 1977, Page 1 . � 8 "Variable Work Hours in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area", page 5. i 20 � r - � . � � In the recent metropolitan study, the majority (73%) � of survey respondents indicated that they were opposed to the concept of four day work weeks. The main reasons given for this opposition was the lack of exter- nal contact time, too costly and employee resistance. � It has also been noted that the four day work week does not necessarily save energy because it is extremely dependent on the type of building, type of heating and � cooling plant, and most fimportantly, the operating engi- neer of the buildings" heating and cooling systems. However, recent calculations of the amount of energy � saved by the State of Minnesota in its emergency four day � work week program that lasted from January through March 1977, sho�►�d a net savings of fuel over a typical five day week. � The problem of providing service to the public (or cli- ents - the case of private businesses) has not been 1 . adequately addressed in available publications. While the four day work week may offer potential energy savings along with two added hours of service four days each week, I no service is provided on the fifth day. Therefore, application of variable work hours as an energy savings method may only be successful if it is in response to a major crisis and the results of ma�or planning and 1 coordinating efforts. RECOMMENDED ACTION , eve op a con ingency plan to adjust employee working hours that will respond to an energy crisis. � � � 9 "Variable Work Hours in the Twfin Cities Metropolitan Area", page 24. � 10 Data gathered from Don Johnson, Department of Administration. State of Minnesota. M � � � 21 � � _.,..._._.��_.�,�.,..,,._._. .�.�_._..., _ __ . _ _...._ ._�._ � 305 "ITY OPERATTbtVS �r,� �: . , ��..�� inc�uding+ refuse�hau�ing, street ��,~;�;;�;f.:,, �:,�af'fi� siynals, asphaTt production, and street a,�c �n�:��i �K� yr�ur�ds cl�aning, snow plowing and mainte��ance � a��: �j��t°c�� us�rs of energy. 3��RE�U S� E�IAU[.I N � TF�� r.urrent non-mand��ory refuse collection system in 5t. paul has resulted in �from 3-5 separate refuse haulers � per� k�lc�c� each we�k� 1"he energy inefficiency of this syst�m jristifies rec��r7ing negotiations f'or a mandatory c�ll�c�:ic�n syster+7 which would divide th� city into many � distric:ts, each serv�d 6y a single hauler. Anuti�er� i ssi�� i nvol ved i n the area of refuse haul i ng relates to the subject of total cost versus energy cost. � �'h� �y�:y i$ currently �perating under an economic �eci•� sior� to continue hauling refuse tn the Pine Bend landfill (total round trip from the City Hall of 31 miles) as � oppased to using the Midway Transfer Station (total raund trip of nine miles). The total respective costs inclu- dir�g travel time, are $7.31 per ton ($3,33 per ton plus trav�l ) of refuse for Pine Bend versus $9.32 per ton � � ($8.25 per tan ,� tr�vel ) of refuse for the Midway site. �This is an example of an economically sound decision which should continue because it currently saves the city � approxirrrately $40,000 per year (calculated from $2 cost difference times 20,000 tons/year). R�sing costs of energy and labor may minimize this difference in the near � future, however. � � � , � � � � 22 � � � . � � .5. STREE LIGHTING � The City of St. Paul operates over 20,000 lighting instal- lations, over 17,000 of these are street lights. The lighting units in the city owned and operated system include three general categories: (1 ) Series ornamental � post top (incandescent lamps installed between 1915 and 1929) which are very inefficient and expensive to main- tain; (2) Roadway ornamental type as seen on University � Avenue, Rice Street or Sfiepard Road; and (3) Overhead units mounted on wood poles, mostly in residential areas and on minor arterial streets. � The energy crisis is causing concern over the efficient use of energy by the street lighting system. In an attempt to achieve greater energy efficiency, the street � lighting division of the Public Works Department plans to concentrate the use of high pressure sodium vapor units which are twice as efficient�as mercury vapor in units of � . lumen output per watt (mercury vapor lsmps are twice as efficient as the incandescent lamps). An example of the results of such a conversion is shown in Figure 3-3. The � suncolored lighting from sodium vapor lamps seems to be gainin a greater measure of public acceptance in past � years.�� Mercury and incandescent light sources are still instal- led in some cases in a rejuvenation of old ornamental lighting fixtures such as those along Summit Avenue. � When time, scheduling and availability of parts permit, �; this work is done to maintain the character of St. Paul 's older residential areas. The work includes rust removal � and repainting of the light standard. The scarcity of parts and deteriorating condition of these fixtures makes this job quite difficult, however. � While energy savings and efficiency of the city's exis- ting light systems are important, 75� of the city rgt�ains poorly lit according to minimum lighting standards. Some areas of the city have no lighting. The issue is, � therefore, not to decrease the amount of lighting within the city, but rather to insure its efficient use. � 11 "1976 Annual Re ort", City of St. Paul Departr�ent of Public Works, St. Paul , P Minneosta, 1977, � 12 Illuminating Engineering Society Handbook minimum requirements. � � 23 � FIGURE 3-3 - MERCURY VAPOR TO HIGH PRESSURE SODIpM CONVERSION ANALYSIS OF PAYNE AVENUE - MINNEHAHA TO HAWTHORNE � . � Existing Proposed Mercury Vapor H.P. Sodium Vapor � Length 5,600 Feet 5,680 Feet # Units 134 134 � Type 400 Watt 150 Watt � Calculated Light Level 2.75 HFC* 2.1 HFC Recommended Standard Light Level 1 .6 to 2.0 HFC 1 .6 to 2.0 HFC � Energy Use Per Unit 1920 KWH/Year 720 KWH/Year Energy Use Per System $36.00/Year $16.80/Year � Energy Cost Per Unit $4,825.00/Year � $2,250.00/Year Energy Cost Per System 258,000 KWH/Year 96,500 KWH/Year � Cost of Conversion 0 $95 � Results: � Energy Cost Savings = $2,575/Year Energy Use Savings = 161 ,500 KWH/Year � = 21 homes @ 7000 KWH/Year Payoff = $95 = 4.95 years at current energy costs � $T�20 * Horizontal foot candles, a nationally accepted standard of reference, � � � i � . �24 . � � w� �� 3, .3 7R FFIC STGNALS The City of St. Paul operates 320 signalized inter- � sections throughout the city including 86 signals in the central business district. Traffic signals directly effect energy usage in two ways. First. the actual electrical energy utilized by the signals (average $400 � dollars per year electrical bill ) per intersection; and secondly, the effect that traffic signals have on the efficient movement of traffic in the city which in turn � directly affects the fuel consumption. 7he city is currently testing a new product that will � automatically dim signalized intersections during the night-time f�ours. This has a potential of reducing electrical consumption by 50� during those hours or potentially reducing the total electrical consumption by � 25% per year. This savings could amount to $100 per intersection multiplied by 320 intersections or $32,000 savings in electrical energy costs. This figure would � represent a 2% savings of the city's total electric bill . The second energy savings area r�1dti�ng to efficient � traffic movement cannot be analyzed qui'te so easily, � however. Because traffic signals serve a two-fold purpose of safety and efficient movement, public safety has ta take precedence over strict energy efficiency. Situations � may exist, however, where existing traffic signals may no longer be Useful for current traffic patterns. � The city produces about 50,000 tons of asphalt yearly, at � a cost of approximately $300,000, at its asphalt plant. Asphalt is a petroleum-based product which also requires energy to keep it in a hot worka6le form. The city has � utilized natural gas in the past to heat the asphalt and aggregates ($16,500 in 197�) but must noWconvert to oil which is more expensive and has a lower heating value. � The p'tant is relatively �nodern, having been rebu�tt since the 1973 explosion. Wh7�e it is not within the scope of � this report to prepare � detailed analysis of the energy used in the city's aspF�alt production, the issue is � raised as an energy intensive use that should be monitored for continuing energy efficiency. � . � 25 � � � . � 1� . . S EE ND PUBLIC GROUNDS MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS � This area of city operations is energy intensive in .the use of motor fuels with a monthly purchase of 30-40,000 gallons of gasoline. Purchasing and operating policies, � and effective vehicle and equi�pment maintenance practices are factors that influence energy use. � RECOMMENDED ACTIONS na yze a energy intensive city operations for poten- tial conservation programs. � Replace incandescent and mercury vapor lighting with more efficient high pressure sodium lighting; turn off street lights where possible. ' Install only high pressure sodium vapor lighting in all new lighting installations. � Analyze and implement, if feasible, methods to reduce energy use on traffic signals. � e c ty s ou encourage energy e ic ency roug s ZONING IMPLICATIONS � ]and use and zoning efforts. Land use policies and plans � should encourage multi-purpose trips and coordination with transit facilities in filling of vacant land. The current zoning� ordinance presents an opportunity for a potential energy conservation revisions. Possible areas � include: (1 ) reduction of parking space requirements to reflect both size (many people are driving smaller cars and number (car pooling and transit usage is increasing ; � (2) inclusion of bicycle parking requirements; and (3) revisions of lot area and setback requirements .to allow for energy conserving remodeling or new construc- tion (i .e. , solar collectors) . � RECOMMENOED POLICY ncourage n ousing or other appropriate construc- � � tion on vacant land within the city. � RECOMMENDED ACTION � tu y t e existing zoning code to determine possible revisions that are consistent with energy conservation. � � � 26 � � . 4.0 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR � � � 4.1 OVERVIEW The residents of St. Pau , and the Upper Mi west, in � general are well aware of their dependence on energy to survive severe winters. They are also becoming increas- ingly aware of the escalating costs of energy use. � There is a direct relationship�between household �income and energy consumption "The more money you earn the more energy you burn".13 However, that relationship � between energy consumption and the percentage the family income spent for their energy is reversed. While the poorer family uses less, a bigger slice of its income goes to paying for that energy. To cut back from current � levels of energy use would be difficult for the lower income groups. Similarly, retaining current levels or moving to higher consumption in the face of escalating ' prices could also cause difficulty. People's way of life at home�is supported by energy � consumed in the industrial , cortnnercial and transportation sectors to make the goods and perform the services they consume. The energy that goes into building automobiles, houses and furniture and running federal , state and local � government is in a sense part of a consumers piece of the national energy pie. � Indirect energy estimates show how the ripple effect of consumer spending patterns throughout the economy vary among the different income groups and their impact on � total energy use. The family that spends relatively little money on food because of the limited income has a small impact on the energy use in the food system. Those who do a lot of driving account not only for a large � share of direct gasoline consumption, but also for a correspondingly great amount of energy to manufacture cars and support their operation through highway building, � service stations and the like. Energy used indirectly to build homes and appliances are simijarly connected to consumer purchases of these things which are in turn closely connected to the income levels. The gap between � rich and poor in total energy use both direct and in- , direct, is similar to and even larger than the income group gap in direct energy use alone. � � 13 "A Time to Choose, America's Energy Future", Final Report by the Energy Policy Pro�ect of the Ford Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974, Page 119. � � 27 � � � This does not mean, however, that conservation policies will not aid lower income households. On the contrary, � conservation made possible through more efficient cars and appliances and through better home insulation is a basic way of insuring that families of all income groups � . can afford to buy the energy they need for such essen- tials as heating, driving to work and doing laundry and cooking. � . E g ty percent o t e ouse o s in t e ity o t. au utilize natural gas as their primary house heating fuel ,l4 � In addition, 88% of the households utilize natural gas for water heating fuel , and 71� of the households in St. Paul cook with gas, These facts pose direct problems , for city residents in the event of a natural gas shortage. RECOMMENDED POLICiES � � n mize e use o natural gas in city facilities and � operations. Encourage businesses and industries to minlmize their use � of natural gas. � � � � � 14 197Q Census Data taken from the "Detailed Nousing Characteristics for the State of Minnesota", Page 25-100, � � � 28 � . � � . � The WCMS survey of households found that families at the lower end of the income scale are more thrifty about � using lighting energy than are the more affluent families. The lower a family's income is, the more likely it is that a family is to keep only one or two � . rooms light during the evening� hours. Conversely, families at the upper end of the scale are more likely to light three or more rooms. This means that in lighting and heating, the lower income families have little room � to cut back on their energy consumption. � RECOMMENDED POLICIES � � Encourage insu ation standards be met as a condition of granting low-interest rehabilitatfon loans. Support legislation establishing a truth in energy rating � system for residences at time of resale. , i e t e energy cris s poses specia pro ems or ower �i ST. PAUL HOMES income prople, the issue of retrofitting an older house to become more energy efficient poses problems for most � St. Paulites as shown on Figure 4-1 , Age of Housing Units, � 1976. � . , T N BE � Utility companies, banks and other private and public institutions have discussed the need to insulate, caulk � windows, etc. , which helps get residents interested in conservation and accomplish basic conservation measures. . However, there is a need for further technical assistance � to evaluate additional conservation measures that are unique and cost�effective to older homes, For example, many of the older homes in the city heat with � converted coal furnaces (converted to natural gas) which may offer the potential for reconversion. In any event, � these furnaces require periodic adjustment to ensure safe, � efficient fuel usage. Additionally, many older homes have , fireplaces which could be retrofitted for use as a supple- mental heat source. However, technical assistance may be � necessary to ensure safety and energy efficiency. � � 30 '� � ' � � .3 ENE Y S F HE ING uc o t e energy require or a ome is etermine y � AND L-IGHTING VARIATIONS the size and structure of the dwelling itself. A typical FOR INCOME GROUPS detached single �family house tends to use more heating fuel than either row houses or apartments since they are exposed to the elements on all ,sides. The bigger the � house, generally, more energy is needed to heat it. The presence of insulation and storm windows can radically reduce the heating loads of a given s�ze house. � Since poor families usually occupy smaller dwellings, and are most likely of all income groups to live in apart- ments or attached houses, one might expect their heating � fuel needs to �� significantly lower than that of other income groups. However, the relatively small differ- ence in consumption of natural gas may be traced to the � condition of home, particularly the presence or absence of insulation and storm windows.and occupant attitude. A �urvey conducted by the Washington Center for Metro- � . politan Studies Lifes�y1e and Energy Sutweys (WCMS) in 1972-73, however, illustrated that over half of the single family houses of the poor have no insulation at all � compared with a mere 5% of the f�ouses of the well-to-do (a national sample of 1 ,455 households). L�ow energy prices have served in the past to discourage � investment in insulation. Unfortunately, the poor who can least affor.d to wnste heating energy suffer the most from the lack of insulation in houses and apartments � which they own or rent. For the poor who own their own homes as seug� out of ten poor single family house dwellers do, there is a formidable barrier to instal- ling insulation in their houses. Even if fuel savings � would pay for the initial cost of insulation within only a few years, poor families usually do not have the ini- tial capital needed to purchase and install insulation. � A special program of loans offered by government, banks, or utilities for home insulation with easy payment as a part of the fuel bill is one way the poor could afford to � . insulate their homes. Another method would be to require insulation as a condition of any rehabilitation loans , given in the city. � 15 "A Time To Choose"* page 119. � 16 "A Time to Choose", page 121 . � � 2g ' � � . � .5 APPLIANCES The energy efficiency of appliances on the mar et today varies widely. Consumers rarely have all the information � they need to estimate the lifetime cost of operating appliances. For example, it is not made clear to buyers that frost-free refrigerators .require as much as two- � thirds more energy than standard models and that one ' frost-free model can be far more efficient than another. Appliance manufacturers �ossess the information consumers need, and �n some areas, sellers must now display Energy � Efficiency Ratings (EER's� for ma,�or appliances on sale. A federal "truth-in-energy" law, with a requirement to label appliances giving the annual cost of operation in � dollars at current prices, s�uld .help consumers choose energy using items that save both energy and money. RECOMMENDED POLICY � upport eg s at on �►hich requires mandatory labeling of major appliances, in terms easily understood by consumers, to inform buyers of the energy and dollar cost of � operating them. � � � � � � � � � 32 '� � � . � � - �� FIGURE 4-1 AGE OF HOUSING UNITS, 1976 � :::;:;:;:;; ;:;. 838 `:::d6$::��: ��`�b:�<�: la 793 15 927 7186 � ��1�.1..,429�`: 26,7 7 , <:� ':9 . . :::10�.�:;:;:`: 24 :.. 1 ��:;��::'�� ::>9�;;�::;::? 13x 14� 7� . , '�•Z � ��`��` o �� Total Housing Units/110,738 � � 4.4.2 RETR FITTING ND INCRE SED PROPERTY TAXES Currently, home improvements to meet building codes or to reinsulate do not increase property evaluation for tax � purposes. However, residents that may wish to combine home remodeling with insulation (or code) improvements are subject to an increased assessment. � RECOMMENDED PO ICY � upport egislation that reduces the impact of property � tax increases for improvements to St. Paul 's housing stock. . RECOMMENDED CTION ' Provide technical assistance to St. Paul homeowners desiring special retrofit pro3ects to improve their homes energy use. � � � 17 Taken from City Planning staff Analysis of 1970 Census and St. Paul Building Permit � and Demolition Data (1975-1976). � � � 31 � � . � 5.2 POTENTIAL CONSER- e recent y comp ete Port and, Oregon study entit e , VATION PROGRAMS "Summary of Conservation Choices" developed ten conser- � vation programs for existing and new industry and commer- cial sectors. These include:19 EXISTING INDUSTRY � � 1 .Establish Industry Efficient Standards 2.Offer Conservation Investment Tax Credits NEW INDUSTRY � 1 .Discourage Energy Inefficient Industries � 2.Reuse Industrial Waste Heat � 3.Establish Industry Efficiency Standards 4.Offer Conservation Investment Tax Credits EXISTING COMMERCIAL , 1 .Establish Conservation Standards 2.Offer Conservation Loans or Tax Credits NEW COMMERCIAL � 1 .Revise Building Codes 2.Offer Conservation Investment Tax Credits � � The technical appendices that described in detail the development of these conservation programs were out of � print at time of writing this report. These programs, as well as others that may be unique to the St. Paul area, should be analyzed by the St. Paul Area Chamber of Comn- erce, the Mayor's Technical Energy Conservation Committee � and other business organizations. � � � . � � 19 "Surranary of Conservation Choices'�, Page 10. � 34 � � � . 5.0 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL SECTOR � � . OVERVIEW T e scope of this report oes not permit a etai e analysis of the energy used and all the conservation � programs that may be useful for private business and industry. The St. Pau1 Chamber of Commerce has been actively working on this sub�ect for several years. Also, � the Mayor"s Technical Energy C��servation Committee. established in February, 1977, is charged with: 1 ,"Identifying the most common energy waste both by � antiquated design mores and existing practices in the industrial , comnercial and private energy consuming � � environment;" 2."Recommending specific legislation or other steps to be taken at local , state, and federal levels to eliminate � thi9 waste, including possible tax incentive programs relating to positive energy conservation efforts in the private sector;" and . � 3."Recommending an ongotng public education program to raise the level of energy consciousness of private and corporate citizens.N � � In add"ition to setting an example, energy related issues for city involvement in the private sector includes tying � development tools, such as land assembly and write down, skyway construCtion, parking, etc. , and operational requirements to energy efficient building requirements. � � � � � � , 18 St. Paul City Council Resolution, Council File #268516, February 8, 1977. � � 33 . � � . � 6. . T F IC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES The first priority for improving flow on existing streets � and highways should be given to those traffic engineering techniques which involve the functional use of a system or network of streets. One-way street initiation, rever- � sible lane operations, and ma�or parking prohibitions were found to be the most effective in the urban areas, One-way streets permit a reduction in speed changes and � stops by permitting adding passing opportunities, elimi- nation of the opposing traffic conflict with left turns, and development of optimal signal progression. One-way streets also present the opportunity for widening side- �, walks and creating a safer more pleasurable pedestrian and bicycling environment. � Reversible lanes are successful on some street sections because of unbalanced flow characteristics of peak hour � traffic. In the morning, high volumes of traffic are in- � bound toward the areas of high employment (especially the CBD) and in the even9ng this flow is reversed. During the morning period, the need often exists on some � street, sections for two or three times the capacity for � the in-bound movement as compared to the out-bound with the reversal during the evening period. Using adequate traffic control devices to create reversible lanes, more � efficiently utilizes the existing street network and also prov�des for smoother flow of peak hour traffic. This has not yet been tried in the City of St. Paul . � A lane of parked cars on each side of an arterial street occupies street space which is generally needed to carry � the volume of vehicles using the street and creates conflicts with the moving traffic which in t��n results in speed changes, stops, and even accidents. Many streets in St. Paul already have parking prohibitions for � on-street parking during rush hours to assist traffic flow. � � 22 "Energy Conservation Related to Traffic Operations", Page 226. � � 36 � � 6.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 1 . � � 6. � OVER IEW T e City of St. Pau as a su stant a pu c nvestment � in streets and highways and sidewa�ks. Maximizinq the energy ef�icfient use of this exfisting investment should be �oremost �n 1figfit ofi the energy crisis. � . Li�f�style in St, Pdul , and �n most cities throughout the United States, centers around the use of the automobile. This lifestyle has evolved over the past 70 years and � will undoubtedly take time to change. Inducements for the continued use of the automobile can be found in the development of shopping centers that are accessible only � � by autos, proliferating drive�n facilities, free all day parking on Harriet and Navy Islands, and all day parking for many downtown employees that is competitive with the cost of using mass transit. � . STREETS AND HIGHWAYS T e streets an g ways n St. au represent t e ac - � bone of the city's transportation system. Design, con- struction and maintenance of the street and highway system in the city should facilitate the most efficient movement of vehicles which will in turn result in the � most efficient energy usage. A� ma3or savings in energy has already been implemented � by virtue of the 55 mile per hour speed limit law. According to e ,study recently completed in Indiana, the 55 mile per hour speed limit is saving 120,000 gallons of � fuel each day on our national interstate systems a�8ne, because of the reduced speeds which have resulted. For maximum fuel conservation purposes, traffic should � � flow at a steady 35 mph. Generally, slower and faster speeds greatly increase fuel consumption per mile. Below 15 miles per hour, vehicle transmissions operate in low � gear and consume much fuel . Each stop and each accelera- tion to the original speed after reduction of speed are also heavy gas eaters. For example, from 30 miles per . hour, 100 less stops each day results in saving one � gallon of gasoline. 150 less spee��changes of 20 miles per hour will save another gallon. � � 20 "Evaluation of the 55 Mile Per Hour Speed Limit", Borg, T,M. , Joint Highway Research � Project, Purdue University, JHRP-75-6, March 6, 1975, 82 pages. 21 "Energy Conservation Related to Traffic Operations ", a paper presented to the Energy � Conservation and Transportation Construction Conference, by Harold L. Michael , Terrace Gar'den Inn, Atlanta, Georgia, December 2-5, 1975, Page 224. , 35 . � � � 6.3 SIDEWALKS One of t e main advantages of an inner city such as the City of St. Paul has over suburban areas, is its exten- � sive investment in local pedestrian access (sidewalks). Sidewalks provide safety for those who do not drive autos " and provide others with an incentive to walk rather than drive to many destinations. A �complete network of side- � walks within the city would serve to encourage walking as a viable mode of transportation, and help to minimize the num6er of autos on the road. Sidewalks are also essen- � tial to effectively promote mass transit usage by making bus stops more accessible. A lack of sidewalks is a safety hazard to individuals wishing to walk to their � destination by forcing them to walk on the street or on unpaved footpaths, and increasing the chance of pedes-� trian-auto accidents. � Presently, there are approximately 1 ,080 miles of side- walks in St. Paul , There is �no current data available to specify the miles of streets that are not sidewalked in � the city. This data is crucial to effective planning for future construction and should be developed. Current public sentiment, in many cases, is against the � � building of new sidewalks in view of improvement assess- — ments and increased personal cost. Plans for new side- walks have been met with resistence from citizens, and 1 the construction of new sidewalks generally occurs only in response to citizens petitions requesting them. There is a greater citizen demand for restoration of existing � sidewalks because there is no improvement assessment on this type of construction. RECOMMENDED ACTION � e-examine e existing policy for construction of new sidewalks to make walking a safe alternate mode of transportation. � � � � � 38 � � � � , 6. . ES CONS I N � The design and ultimate construction of roads and streets for motor vehicle use requires the expenditure of a sub- � stantial amount of energy, principally by gasoline and diesel powered construction equipment. The control and � conservation of this energy through improved energy sen- sitive design standards, together with steps to utilize more efficient methods of construction can result in sub- � stantial cost savings as �well as reducing the amount of fuel required to perform this work. � � Consideration needs to be given to design widths as they relate to energy and traveling safety. The city is em- barking on a Residential Street Paving Program which could ultimately affect 400 miles of previously "oiled" � streets. Reducing the current standard width of 32 feet to 28 feet may have merit in view of the reducing size of automobiles, energy and cost �savings, reduced surface � - area to maintain, and larger resulting boulevard areas. " Residential areas with substantial off-street parking available should be considered when streets are repaved. � RECOMMENDED ACTION - � Examine existing roadway design widths and construction s�pecifications for potential energy and cost savings. i , ! 1 . � � � � � � � 37 � � � ,5 SHARED RIDE SERVICES Planning strategies for conserving energy consumed on our highways lie in lower cost, more efficient use of existing � vehicles and roadways. Shared ride or para-transit has emerged as an efficient lower cost alternative to the ` private auto in many situationS. This system encompasses � the idea of small vehicles organized around car and van pool programs or use of mass transit. The shared ride system is not in conflict with the tran- � sit system as it would serve people not currently on bus . routes and who cannot conveniently utilize the existing bus service. Also, this system wou1d be utilizing � existing cars on the roadways more efficiently and would not require increased expenditures for the purchase and maintenance of new buses. As a part of the region's transportation service, the shared ride approach would � attack one of the primary sources of consumption - the private auto. The benefits include: 1 .Energy savings; � 2.Reduced air pollution and traffic congestion; 3,More efficient use of land by reduced parking demands; � 4.Reduced travel expenditures for autos; � S.Improved employee time arrival and decreased absen- teeism; 6.Reduced risk and tension of comnuting; and � 7.Assurance of�transportation to work in the event of a severe gas crunch. The shared ride approach focuses primarily on developing , alternatives to the private auto which are cost compe- *itive and serve work trips going to specific locations. � Alternatives include car and van pools and bus transit. � . � � 26 Major portions of this section taken from "Shared Ride Services", prepared by Public Service Options for the Citizens League and the Upper � Midwest Council, approved July 29, 1975, � 40 � � � . � � 6.4 ENCOURAGE BICYCLE U5E B� icyc�es are a rea i y avai a e form of transportation � and recreation in use today. A recent study by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has � shown Minnesotans average 3.87 bicycle trips per week per household to recreation areas and 3.34 bicycle trips2�er � week per household to visit friends, relatives, etc. A recent draft "Bike Report" published by the Planning Division shows recreational bicycle counts exceeding 1 1 ,300 bicycles (at Lake Como) in a six hour period, and rush hour bicycle counts exceeding 81 bicycles in a tw hour period at many of the city's ma�or intersections.g4 � While it is difficult to determine exactly the number of bicycles used in the city, the draft "Bike Report" gives an indication that there is at least one bicycle for � every person. This can be inferred by combining the 151 ,386 bicycles registered (52% of the population) under the city`s system of registration from 1972 through 1976 with tf�e results of a survey conducted in May, 1975, l which showed that on1y 63 ut of 200 (only 32%) bicycles surveyed were registered.2� � Building bicycle paths is not the only answer to encoura- - ging bicycle use. To encourage safe bicycling, the city should support efforts to: (1 } educate school children � as well as the corrnnunity on the subject of bicycle dri- ving safety; (2) make necessary changes in the laws to treat bicycles using the roadways as vehicles; (3) en- force the laws equally upon bicyclists and motorists; t (4) build paths emphasizinq barrier r�noval (�ailroads, brfidges, etc. J and recreationa1 travel ; and (5� provide weather and vandal secured bicycle parking as close as � possible to 6icycle destinations. RECOMMENDED POLICY � Recognize an encourage bicycling as an alternate mode of transportation. � 23 "Mi nnesnta Bi icewa� s ' , ��+�r��esota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul , Mi nnesota, J ' June, 1977. � 24 "Bike Report", A Staff Working Paper, (Draft) , Pu61ic Systems, St. Paul City Planning, St, Paul , Minnesota, July, 1977, Pages 23-24. � 25 "Bike Report" , page 18. � ' 39 . � � _ � Multi-employer van programs emerge as t�e key system in attaining the full potential of involvement in the shared � ride system. Car pooling is cost competitive to the single occupant auto at all di`stances. However, because of its - informal structure, it is difficult to effectively manage and expand its availability to" the largest number of � people. Single employer van systems can effectively operate at locations where a large number of people are employed at one location: However, large (over 500 , employers) single employers account for less than 1/3 of the employment in the metropolitan area. Therefore, ir� order to reach the remaining 2/3 of the total market, � multi-employer van programs would be necessary. Employee driven van systems which are single or multi- employer oriented can be compared to the cost of private � auto usage in the fol1owing ways: 1 .Offers significant savings if the car formerly u�ed for � work is sold. 2.Where no administrative costs are charged, is competi- � tive at all distances where a parking charge is incurred. 3.When administrative costs are charged the van is compe- titive with the operating cost of the auto from a six � mile round trip and longer. 4.In the suburban situation, the van without administra- ' tive costs becomes competitive for trips longer than 7.5 miles one way and when administrative costs are included for one way trips exceeding 12 miles. PAID DRIVER VAN POOLS � Paid driver van pooling is another facet of the shared ride system. �owever, it is not as competitive with the � auto as an employer sponsored program with an employee driverq Paid driver van pooling costs less than owning an auto for the work trip and is competitive with auto � operating costs for trips from 22 - 122 miles one way , where parking is charged. � � � 42 ' � ' � . � � . 6. , CAR POOLI G � Car pooling is one system which is cost competitive with operating costs of a single driver auto for work trips of all distances. Car pooling is the largest form of ride � sharing today. Approximately ]5� of all people going to work in the metro area in 1970 rode as passengers in autos in contrast to 8� who were mass transit passengers. � 6.5.2 VAN POOLING , Van pooling is a new and attractive alternative mode of � travel which could help alleviate transportation problems for many segments of the population. Currently, about 10 van pooling programs, utilizing 120 to 130 vans are in operation in the metro area. Van pooling is promoted by � the MEA, Minnesota Highway Department and the Federal Energy Agency. There are varfious organizational struc- tures for van pooling such as employer sponsored pools � - with non-paid drivers, multi-employer van pools, and paid driver vans. � EMPLOYER SPONSORED VAN POOLS The current employer sponsored van programs are set up as pay-as-you-go syst�ns with the direct cost of the program being paid by the passengers. Employer sponsored van � pools with non-paid drivers are extremely attractive and less extensive• per rider than owning and operating an auto for work trips. They offer savings even by compar- ' ison with auto operating costs for all trips where park^ ing is charged and for one way trips longer than seven miles without parking charges. � MULTI-EMPLOYER VAN POOLS Multi-employer van pools will be more costly than single employer pools. The administrative, management, and � total capital costs will increase and will no longer be able to be absorbed by a sing1e emp1oyer through the use of existing personne1 and systems, However, "Public � � Service Options" has calculated the total cost of a 20-25 van program and found it to be competitive to the private , auto. � � � , 41 � ' . . _ , . _ � . �..', � . � 7.1 OVERVIEW Increased demand for low-cost, home-based shopping and recreation may be a result of the high cost of gas and � general inflation. This new emphasis stems from the assumption that people are taking fewer trips, staying home mare, and utilizing facilities closer to home. � . E E NS Evi ence can e cite o prove t at t e s ortage o ue in 1974 brought about sizeable changes on the national , level in the amount and type of overall travel : 1 .There was a large reduction in long distance vacation � trips; 2.An increased use of bicycles, motorcycles, and small cars occurred; � 3.There was a reduction in both rural and urban travel , especially rural ; 4.Weekend travel , particular�ly on Sunday, dropped more � than weekday travel ; and � 5.Night-time travel declined more than daytime travel . The greatest decline of travel in 1974 occurred on rural � roads. The rural road system is more likely to carry � long distance travel , thus lending credence to the belief that long distance travel was more seriously curtailed � than the more essentia1 type of local travel . All of these changes reflect changes in motorists' atti^ tudes and behavior on the national level . These changes ' !�anifested themselves even after the fuel allocation/ ciistribution controls were r�l�xed, indicating that �eople's attitudes ar�d traveling patterns would remain � slanted towards conserving energy. Similar changes occurred in Minnesota as shown in � Figure 7-1 which tabulates the traffic statistics for the past five years. Fr�m 1970-1973, total vehicle mileage nn rn�.d�ay� increas�� an maally, During 1974, the year of the Arab embargo, tra�el decreased 2,6%. In 1975, � urban travel ir.cre��ed �y lz% but rural travel continued . to decline by 11�, � � � 44 , ' � � � - . BUS TR NSI � The conventional MTC bus service carries approximately 8% of all work trips in the metropolitan area. In St. Paul , MTC buses carry 14� of all daily trips and 25% of all � peak hour trips. Based on the average system speed of 13 mph, a typical MTC bus costs $20.56 per hour or $1 .53 per route mile. The public subsidy is the element which permits the bus system t�o become cost competitive with ' the auto on a system-wide average. Approximately 69� of the operating costs are recovered by fares and 31� from . public subsidy. At current fares, the bus offers cost 1 advantages for any trip where parking is charged and is less expensive than the total cost of auto ownership. The bus is also competitive for work trips, without parking charges which exceed 3z miles one way in the 30� � zone and 7� miles one way in the 50� zone. Some employers help promote �bus usage by reimbursing � � employees. Midwest Federal reimburses its employees up to $150 e year for using buses (60� per round trip for 50 weeks�.�� rRECOMMENDED POLICTES � upport e orts w c have proven the economic feasi- bility of alternate modes of transportation inherent in ithe shared ride system. Support incentives to promote and increase involve- , ment in the shared ride s�stem; such as: a.Provide preferential parking for car/van pools; b.Design standards for parking ramps to accomnodate van/ � car pools; c.Provide financial incentives for car/van pools and transit usage; d.Provide ongoing matching service for cars-vans-buses; � and �.Form demonstration grants and other more direct sub- s�dies to front end development of programs. � Support MTC's goal to reduce the proportion of drivers � to riders by 50�. � � 27 Transportation Contro] Plan, page 20. � � ' 43 ' _ � . S 7.3 INCREASED USE This shift in travel patterns may have a significant OF RECREATIONAL AREAS impact on usage of urban recreational facilities. t�ural � travel declined whereas urban travel increased� si�gges- ting that in 1974 and 1975, Minnesotans were taking fewer long trips and remaining in the urban centers more of the � time. Both actions reflect a change in travel patterns and illustrates motorists' attitude to conserve energy. At the same time, a trend of increasing use of St. Paul recreational fac�lities has been reported by the Ramsey , County Parks and Recreation Department. Thus, the shift from rural travel to urban seems to have a direct corre- lation to increased urban usage of recreational fdcili- � ties, lending credence to the assumption that urban residents are taking fewer long trips, staying home more, and utilizing recreational facilities closer to home, � Comparison of travel patterns to the trend of inc:r�eased urban recreational usage is only an indicator that urban residents attitude toward conserving energy has affected , their recreational habits. It must be understood that the increased use of recreational facilities may be in response to severa1 underlying factors, and conservatidn � of energy is not the only reason for the increase. No � monitoring programs or surveys have been organiz�d to determine the actual impact the shortage of fuel has had on people's attitudes and usage of recreational facili- � ties in St. Pau1 . The need for this type of impact analysjs data is pertinent on the local level to insure effective planning of recreational areas to accornmodate � any trenci nf increased use. In !<eepin� with t�is need, the Metropnlitan C�,un�i'1 is � piloting a '"Demand/User Study" this year. �i�ld war�k will start in December, 1977, and continue thraugh 1978. The Study will analyze the rea5ons for vi5iting recrea- tiona� parks. The Study will focus primarily on regional � p�rks, hut factors affecting use of regional parks will , in m��y C�Spc , be �pp�i�able to lncal parks. , � � � 46 , 1 � . 1 1 � FIGURE 7-1 ANNUAL VEHICIE MILES TRAVELED IN MINNESOTA (IN MILLIONS)28 � Urban Rural 1970 9,710 12,670 � 1971 10,274 � 13,130 1972 12,007 12,871 1973 12,107 13,053 � 1974 11 ;977 12,611 1975 14,149 11 ,475 , Even after the severe gas crunch was over, the annual increase in 1975 was below the average annual increase, signifying that people were still taking measures to � conserve energy. This is of significant importance because it proves that Minnesota residents reacted to the fuel shortage in 1974, made changes in their traveling , patterns and voluntarily continued to minimize gas consumption when the crisis was over, Traffic analysis summaries for 1976 have not yet been completed. � By breaking total vehicle miles down to urban and rural roadway mileage, a significant shift in Minnesota roadway usage develops in 1975 - a shift from rural travel to � urban travel . From 1970-1974, the number of rural road- way vehicle miles surpassed urban vehicle miles. In 1974, the two roadway systems experienced very similar amounts , of usage, rural still leading. In 1975, urban usage substantially surpassed rural usage, illustrating a shift in travel patterns. � � ' � � 28 Obtained from Minnesota Highway Department statistics. � � ' 45 ' 1 . � . NEI HB R B S NE reater use �nd nee or neig or oo usrness may develop in response to citizens attempting to canserve � energy by driving less and walking more. One examp�e in particular, would be a possible increased demand for Ma and Pa grocery stores that residents could walk to for every day items. � � Economic advantages and disadvantages of small neighbor- hood groceries in comparison to large supermarkets should � be determined. Such data would determine whether or not sma11 neighborhood groceries as well as other small shops should be phased back into existence from an economic and � energy conservation standpoint. RECOMMENOED ACTION Study the feasibility of establishing neighborhood � comnercial service centers. , . � . � � � � � � � � 48 � , � . � . � . Policy 5 of the Recreation Open Space Development Guide, � recorranends the Metropolitan Council develop and dis- seminate methodology and techniques to be of assistance to counties, special park districts, and municipalities in the making of user surveys and demand studies. This � . is especially crucial because presently, most recreation areas do not maintain accurate attendance records. , In the process of determining the level of demand, under- lying factors influencing the use of facilities would be identified and their impact analyzed. Such surveys, by � � interviewing the park participants directly, would help determine the impact fuel conservation has had on the increased use of recreational facilities. The importance of other factors would also be studied and these surveys � would establish a basis for future recreation planning and programming. Effective planning and programning of recreational areas ' would accommodate increased use and also improve the quality of residential living in St. Paul . If the qual- � ity of living could be improved by increasing oppor- tunities available to its residents, St. Paul could remain competitive in attracting new families and serve as an incentive to reduce recreational driving. Contin- � ued improvements, and expansion of the city's park and recreation system should continue to be an important factor for capital improvement to accomnodate increased � use and improve tf�e quality of residential living. RECONMIENDED POLICY . provemen an expansion of the city's park and recrea- � tion open space areas should continue to be a major component of capital improvement programs. � RECOMMENDED ACTION or w e e ropolitan Council to utilize the "Demand/ User Study" as it relates to St. Paul recreational facilities. � � � r 1 47 � r . r 8.4 DISTRICT HEATING ere are t ree primary d�strict heating sites in tTie� metropolitan area; ' 1 .High Bridge (St. Paul ) 2.Riverside (Minneapolis) � � 3.Blackdog (Burnsville} The Mi nnesota Energy Agency, wi th c1 ose caoper°at�orr fr��am � Northern States Power Company (NSP; is conducting � federally funded study to analyze the feasibility c�f large scale hot water heatinq for the Twin ��Ly area. NSP steam plants, suc�� as the High BridSe Nlan� in � St. Paul are �otential suppliers. The stud.y i� �xpected to be completed �n July of 1978. - - -..��.._..�.so a ' B I ti ty cnmpanies, inancia institutions, t�ie inne t TION AND AWARENESS Energy Agency and others have sponsored public awareness programs for energy conservation. Considerable potentia7 ' for additional public education and awareness li�s within the school system to teach our school age children. RECOMMENDED POLICiES � ncourage continue programs of energy awareness by public and private institutions. � Encourage educational systems to incorporate energy conservation in their curriculum. � � , � � � � 50 1 � NERGY RELATED PROGRAMS 8.0 OTHER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE E � � . E E ecause o t e popu arity an urgency of t e energy � crisis, many committees, actions and programs sponsored by both private and public agencies exist. It is not within the scope of this report to detail each and every corrmnnittee or agency or program. that exists. The 1977 � . Legislature, for example, considered nearly 50 bills relating to energy. This section will highlight those programs that f�ave a more direct effect on the people of � .St. Paul . HE H H e City o St. au , in cooperat on w t t e innesota � INTERPRETATION PROJECT Energy Agency, has a photograph of a complete flight of the city, and will disseminate this information to all interested citizens. The experience in other communities � has been that up to one third of households of the city take an active interest in discovering the insulation value of their homes through� this program. In St. Paul � this would indicate that over 20,000 families would view these photographs. � RECOMMENDED ACTION Work with the Minnesota Energy Agency to most effectively utiliie the Thermograph Photo Interpretation Pro�ect to assist residences and businesses within the city in 1 determining their heat loss and resulting insulation needs. , . HE SE S E L N e propose steam p ant or t e owntown area o t e City of S t. Paul which will utilize the refuse as its primary source of fuel has merit. It is not within the � scope of this report to analyze in detail the proposed steam plant, when in fact, this process is going on with close cooperation between tfie Mayor's office and the � consultant. Detai1ed environmental and cost questions hnve to be answered to tFie satisfaction of the city, however, before such a plant should be constructed. � ' � � � ' 49 � i � � 8. .2 LIFELINE RATES Under this concept, a certain minimum level of electri- ' city is guaranteed to certain residential class customers at a low price. The amount of electricity guaranteed varies with proposals, but usually it is in the range of � 300 to 500 kilowatt hours per month. The proposals vary in application as well : some are limited to people over 65, some to poor families within specified ncome levels, and some are subject to other limitations.2� ` This concept would more appropriately apply to gas usage in St. Paul due to the reliance on this fuel for home � heating and cooking (see Section 4.2) . Any application of this concept should insure, however, that only those needing such assistance in faet received it. � .6 . K E � Off peak rates require special meters that relate elec- ' tricity usage to time of day. The concept promotes lower rates for use of electricity when demand is generally low, i .e. , late evening, night and early morning. The net � effect. is to reduce the need for power companies to build � l.arge "peaking plants" which generally rely on oil or natural gas rather than coal or other more abundant sources. , .6. SE EERN � Master metering relates to the metering of 'electric service at a single point for an entire complex or buil- ding of apartments or offices. Electric rates differ � between master and individually metered units. A natio- nal study conducted in 1975 has shown that "residential customers whose electric service is provided through master meters consume about 35% more electrical energy , than those who receive service through an indivi��al meter and who pay directly for the eneryy used . � 29 "Electric Rate Reform", Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol . XXXV, No. 13, Wasi�ington, D.C. , March 26, 1977, Page 548. ' 30 "Energy Conservation Implications of Master Metering" , Final Report Volume I , Federal Energy Administration, Office of Energy Conser- � vation, Washington, D.C. , October, 1975. � 52 ' ' � . � . � . ENERG IL E e c t zens of St. au ave ace severa ut ty ' increases in the recent past, with the additional in- crease recently proposed. Between 1973 and 1976 the cost of energy per unit consumed in St. Paul increased by 38.9% for all electrical custQmers, by 33.7� for all gas � customers, and by 77.3� for all steam customers. Resi- dential energy users experienced a 29� increase in the average cost of kilowatt hour of electricity and a 22.1% � increase in the average cost of 1 ,000 cubic feet (MCF) of gas over the same period. � The Minnesota Public Service Commission (PSC) governs , electric and gas rates while the city holds the franchise rights for the steam utility. Rate structures that are sensitive to energy conservation and ability to pay are ' essential in times of energy crisis. The following su�- sections discuss various utility rate issues. � . . Declining block rates relate to the reduction in cost per , unit of gas or electricity as a customers consumption increases, Electric utilities initiated this practice to create a need for plant expansion which would lead to economies of scale and ultimately lower average costs for ' all users. However, cf�anging economic realities, and the energy crisis• have labeled this rate structure as an encouragement to use more energy. ' � ' � ' � � ' 51 ' . , BIBLIOGRAPHY � . � 1 "Summary of Conservation Choices", Portland Energy Conservation Project, Volume 3, prepared by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill far the City pf , Portland, Oregon, June, 1977. 2 "The National Energy Plan" , Executive Office of the President, Energy Policy and , Planning, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. , 20402, April 20, 1977. 3 "A Time to Choose: America`s Energy Future" , Fina1 Report by the Energy Policy ' Project of the Ford Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974. � 4 "Conference Report - Energy Conservation in Transportation and Construction" , Federal Highway Administrator, Washington, D.C. , December 2-5, 1975. , 5 "Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report", Voiume XXXV No. 13, Congressional Quarterly Inc. , Washington, D.C. , March 26, 1977. , 6 "Energy Conservation Implications of Master Metering", Final Report Volume I , by Midwest Research Institute for Federal Energy Adminis- tration, Office of Energy Conservation, Washington, D.C. , � October 1975. 7 "Toward a Municipal Strategy" a paper by Councilwoman Adlene Harrison, City of � Dallas, Texas, presented to the National League vf Cities Energy Task Force, June 21 , 1977. 8 "Energy, An Assessment of Supply/Demand Factors Through the Year 2000" , compiled by � Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Fall , 1973, 9 "3M Guidelines on Energy Policy" , Public Relations Department, Minnesota Mining and � Manufacturing Company, St. Paul , Minnesota, revised September 29, 1975. � 10 "Summary of Proposed Chamber Energy Policy" , recommended by Energy Task Force, chaired by Jack Rausch, St. Paul Area Chamber of Commerce, St. Paul , Minnesota, May 12, 1977. � � 11 "The Minnesota Plan", Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul , Minnesota, November 6, 1975. ' 12 "St, Paul Transportation Control Plan", a staff working paper, Environmental Planning, St. Paul City Planning, St. Paul , Minnesota, � April 1977. r 54 ' ' � . � � � The current State �nergy Eode requires new residential ' apartment buildings have en individual meter for each unit. The Minnesota Public Service Comnission has � required that all new structures comply with this ' standard by 1985, _ RECOMMENDED POLICY or w t e nnesota Public Service Commission, M.E.A. , , and others, and other private uti1ities in St. Paul to ensure rate structures that are sensitive to energy conservation and ability to pay. � e energy crisis as roug many po en a so u ons o � light. They include hydrogen-powered vehicles, solar ' hea�ing and cooling and nuclear, wind, and geothermal energy. These and other forms of future energy are under various stages of development. ' "Passive" solar� systems, including building orientation and design, choice of materials, and location of trees , and hedges, can obtain heat from the sun when needed and reject it when it is not. More widespread use of passive � solar systems would help to reduce fuel bills and con- serve conventional fuels. � RECOMMENDED POLICIES t ze pass ve so ar systems in all new facilit�es and , in the landscaping around existing facilities. Encourage the continued research and dev�lopment of � alternate energy sources for practical application. � � ' � � r , 53 , _ 1 - 1 28 "Energy Conservation Related to Traffic Operations", a paper presented to the Energy Conservation and Transportation Construction ' Conference, by Harold L. Michael , Terrace Garden Inn, Atlanta, Georgia, December 2-5, 1975. 29 "Shared Ride Services", .prepared by Public Service Optioris for the Citizens League ' and the Upper Midwest Council , approved July 29, 1975. 30 City of St. Paul Council resolution, Council File #�268516, February 8, 1977. ' , , , , , � , � , � , � , 56 I ' � . � � - 13 "Land Use: Trends and Policies in the Upper Midwest", Joe Stinchfield, principal ' author, Upper Midwest Council , Minneapolis, Minnesota, february, 1976. 14 "Minnesota: A Primer on Energy Policy", Dean E. Abrahamson, Project Director, State , _ Planning Agency, St. Paul , Minriesota, December, 1974. 15 "Where Will Florida be when the Lights Go Out?", Research Report in Urban and ' Regional Planning, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 1974. ' 16 1977 Energy Omnib�us Bill (Chapter #381 ). 17 "Detailed Housing Characteristics for the State of Minnesota, (1970 Census Data). , 18 "Variable Work Hours in the. Twin Cities Metropolitan Area" a working paper prepared for the Metropolitan Transit Comnission, St. Paul , Minnesota, April , 1977. . ' 19 "Evaluation of the 55 Mile Per Hour Speed Limit", Borg, T.M. Joint Highway Research Pro�ect, Purdue University, JHRP-75-6, March 6, 1975. ' 20 "1976 Annual Report", City of St. Paul Department of Public Works, St. Paul , - Minnesota, 1977. � 21 "Bike Report", A staff working paper, Public Systems, St. Paul City Planning, ' St. Paul , Minnesota, June, 1977. ' 22 "Energy Conservation Potential of Urban Mass Transit", Energy Conservation Paper Number 34. ' 23 "Minnesota Bikeways", Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul , Minnesota, June, 1977. 24 A Summary Report of Travel in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, prepared by Metro- ' politan Council , April , 1974, 25 Use of Outdoor Recreat�on Facilities in the Metropolitan Area, prepared by the � � Metropolitan Council as part of the Recreation Open Space Program, 1974, � 26 Recreation Open Space Development Guide - Policy Plan, prepared by Metropolitan ' Council , adopted December, 1974, 27 Effect of the Fuel Shortage on Travel and Highway Safety, Ezio C. Cerrelli , � National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, August, 1975. ' 1 � 1 � . CkEI�:';:: ' � L NNING S N * art a Norton, C airman ' James Bryan Carolyn Cochrane Harold Feder Samuel Grais ' *Carolyn Grittner " Glen Hanggi Otto Hummer ' **Mertyce Mayne *David McDonell Jean McGinley 1 Deborah Montgomery Joseph Pangal Catherine Piccolo Joseph Prifrel � Aust9n Sherwood Harvey Stegemoeller Adolf Tobler . � Robert Van Hoef Richard Willits *Gayle Sumners � **Chairman, Environmental Committee � *Member', Environmental Committee , D INIS N James . Be u$, ann ng v s on ea POLICY DIRECTION Ken Dzugan, Principal Planner ' ESEARCH ND PLA!V?JTlV� Edwar Warn, P anner-in-C arge, ut or Jill Nauman, Intern , Eri u er, rt rector � Donald Brau, Graphics , E HNI L E W ayor s Tec n�ca Energy Conservation Comm ttee Minnesota Energy Agency ' � ' Preparation of this report was financed in part through a comprehensive planning grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. , ,