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280801 . � P NIK� - FINA CERK • COIIflC1I �� CAN�A��R�/ �• OFrPARTMENT GITY OF SAINT PALTL File NO. - BLUrA- MAVOR � Council Resolution Presented By G/� il Referred To Committee: Date Out of Committee By Date ANIMAL ADOPTION PROGRAM RESOLUTION WHEREAS, there is interest in the commt�ity that the St. Paul Dog Pound provide another option besides the euthena.sia of dogs and cats and the selling of animals to research institutions; NOW, THII2EFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, by the St. Paul City Council that the City establish an animal adoption program for the St. Paul Dog Pound, and recom�nends the Mayor adopt the following guidelines for the program: A. Only clinically healthy dogs and cats will be selected by the pound staff for adoption. B. The Dog PoLmd will be open to the public to view impounded dogs and cats on 'I�zesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from 1 PM to 3 PM. Impoi.mded animals are legally held for five days to afford owners time to claim their animals. During this five day holding period prospective owners may reserve a particular dog or cat. The animal will be made available if not redeemed. C. A $10.00 non-refundable deposit will be reauired to reserve a dog or cat. If the animal is released, the deposit is credited to the person as a deposit on another animal. D. Prospective owners may request that a reserved animal be held for one additional day without paying the boarding fee. Animals held more than the one additional day will be assessed a boarding fee. _ E. The minimwn charge for any dog or cat will be $41.75, plus any incurred boarding fees. _ ;�. lof ? � . � COUIVCILMEN Requested by Department of: Yeas Fletcher Nays Galles Commu � PV I.0 ,, Masanz In Favor � Nicosia scheiber __ Against BY Tedesco Wiison Form Approved by City Attorney Adopted by Council: Date // Certified Passed by Council Secretary By `�C(,�d �1� �� '2�'B.s g�, Approved by �Vlavor: Date Approved by Mayor for Submission to Council By - BY � � �„ _ r ',_. '` . 1 : �� s. WH1T11� �- CPTV CLGRK �. p � ! � C NK�R�' DEPARTMENT COI�IICII i�� 8��- MA•,oR GITY OF SAINT PAUL File N0. �"'�� - , Council Resolution Presented By Referred To Committee: Date Out of Committee By Date F. New owners of dogs will be required to purchase a current dog license. Out of town owners, upon proof of residence, will not be required to purchase a city license. G. All new owners will be rec{uired to make a $25.00 rabies vaccina.tion deposit in accordance with the Rabies Ordinance, Section 199.07. H. Dogs and cats not reserved during the reauired five day hol�.ing period, will not be made available for adoption. I. New owners will be required to sign an agreement holding the City blameless. J. New owners must be at least 18 years of age. K. Animals will not be administered any treatment for infection, infestation, or disease. Nor, will any imnunizations or passive immwlizations be administered by the City prior to the sale. L. When the pound holding facilities are at capacity (32 dogs and/or cats) , the Animal Control Supervisor may either euthanatize the excess animals, or make them available to research institutions. � LT[e ec+i w■ i�.�r�i e fi ii��'�ll��•i5 Shc��71��f'A�f�YI rlrli ti.+ l p. z of 2 COUNCILME[V Requested by Department of: Yeas p�etcher Nays � Galles Commun i.ty Serv i.ces, Masanz In Favor Nicosia Scheibel � __ Against BY ��daaaa_ Wilson Adopted by C ouncil: Date AUG 3 D 1983 Form Approved by City Attorney Certified Y . Counci , cre By c��2' "r`��e�' 8'Zy'�}3 By' App by 1Aavor: ' SEP � 83 Approved by Mayor for Submission to Council gy By PUBLISHED SEP 10 1983 .s . .. �� - . � . . � � , � i `�� . � . �8U8t�1 CITY OF SAINT PAUL '~ - OFFIC� OF TAE CITY COIINCZL ��s�anr ��aura�nsne . � .. '',_s�,� ,. - D a t e ; August 11, 1983 .�,, COMMITT � E RE PORT TO = SQ�nt Paul Cifiy Council F R O M � C o m m i t t e e O h CITY DEVELOPMIIVT AND TRANSPORTATION C H AIR Councilman Bob Fletcher Request of Joy Donovan and Ron Sadowski, representing Pets Against Laboratories, asking for establishment of an adoption program at the St. Paul Dog Pound. At its meeting of August 10, 1983, the City Development Committee recorrunended approval of attached resolution concerning establishment of an Animal Adoption Program at the St. Paul Dog Pound. � CITY HALL SEVENTH FLOOR SAINT PAUL. MINNESOTA 55102 •�.„ ,. - _ . , . : :. � � _ , � 9 �� , �� . . . . . � � . • '«a � .. � � .. . � . . . , . . - . `�. . . - i. . . . � . � ' � : . � . .. � �£. '. , . . . .. . . . . . � � " . . . � .. � . , � . . � � . � . . � . .� . . . � . - . � �. . . - � . � � �c .. . . . . . . . . . � . , . 4 ..'� . � . ... . ' � . . . _ ' . . ._ . . . . . . \ . , � . � . . . \ .. • � '� . ' November 4, 19a2 , � � , , q � Cotanciltaan�Leonard I.evine ' ' � � ' ' � . C�air�an, Citq Develop��ent & Transportation Commit�ee , ` 7th :F�aor, City Hall , . �e�r Councilman Levinet , 'The Citq Co.uncil referred to the C3ty Development � Tr,anspor[ation , Comanittee 'for consideration, the requ�est of Jpy Donovan and Ron , Sadowski, rep�esentin� Fets A�ainst.Laboratories, a�kiag esta�lieh- , ment o£ an adbption program at the St. Paul Aog pound and matters ' concernin� the fate of �anc�.air�ed animals. ,_ Attachal is a copy of a list oi` name$ the g,roup �ubmitted for : '� natif 3.cation _tio the Com�nittea hearing. , ' � Very truly yours, s` ` � . . �f , . _ , . , . �,l.bert B. Oi�on . . �. - C1ty,Clerk , ; ,. . . � r ' ;, � � , . , . , , ,. , • • Att�ch. ' ., , AIiO s la , ccs Mr. Relley, Community Servicas Dept. 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P� � � '1-��: ^-S � po� � ,�.� �� a.�,�. � � (v-sen►-�� ..,, f t . �ant--Q -� (�e c,Jv�,,.sL� cZ�-� �',� � �- -c�.� S—C�"• C��..� ,�-��..�•.--� -��.. � � ,�-� �-. �..�-� U.�..�.: r��- � .�. a�.:, o�— �.,�: ,.K� 5�.��• � s�-� � � �L.�-.s :w ,��. �.,�,�, e� , � �.,•.cn-�� , � �� -�-C.q r'`Q� �� .�e s� . we- a� �-'�r� �.. � 1 �� : �.. a � �: .l,,.a.� � o ,�-� �.,�� , J.,� . � � �� t� ,a.Q-.-s•, -� � � � � p�.._� ��r . @,c.re. t�a,,�s-a � � -� �, � � � � �� . � . �.,�.� � �� Q ,�,-� �' .� �`� �-�.�.,° C� ' � � S� o� � o� o � � o�,�; �.,..�, a� � �� . � � . 1,.�.e �,,,��,� �� ' c�.° � `�-`~ c ' !-^ � �� J�� LJ' u l.. C�-� � C� . .t C'` . --� �l \ t,�,n.�`�(v J n�-Q.h,t� �,.�� r' �-� v �l C' --�-- /u-� . , � � t,� �_- �� : � ; _ �� _ �..�_,ct�f,, � �� - �� h_ , � ,_- - ' � Il3r �` '-y< . < 1� _.�.�pµ. s'�,c� LI-a �� — _ ( . { • _ . . s , 2�U�C�� , , . ° � � 20/20 �VIDEO SERVICE VIDEOTAPED PRODUCTIONS ZO�ZO 2443 MORRISON � IDEO SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA 55117 (612) 484-6668 ST. PAUL CITY COUNCIL NOVEMBER 4TH 1982 The problem of over-crowded animal• familities, stray dogs and cats, the improper placement and disposal of animals are troubling occurrences prevalent in our cities. We hope to introduce an effective way to curtail these pet-related problems . Gur proposal includes a thorough and ef_�ective method of reaching owners of these lost animals i.n the metropolitan area and surrounding suburbs to help them quickly recover their pets . Also educating people about what may happen and where their pet may go if prompt action on recovery is not taken. As I 'm sure you are aware, many pets who are picked up in our cities and not claimed within five days are used for experimental purposes . This is totally cruel, inhumane and unfair to both the pet and its owner. All possible means of contacting owners must be made before this should be allowed to happen . Our method would include making the public more aware of the animals who are homeless to promote placement with names and addresses of who they could contact. Yde would also want to convey general information about their pets : Medical updates, such as vaccines , feeding, care, rights of animals and anything else that relates to the well-being of animals . . , , 2�ti�01 , ' 20/20 �VIDEO SERVICE VIDEOTAPED PRODUC110NS 20�20 2443 MORRISON DEO SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA 55117 (612)484-6GG8 PAGE 2 a Television is the most effective means of contacting the public and, of course, this being the avenue we plan to use to accomplish this endeavor if you accept our proposal. The local television stations, our non-profit PBS channel 2, and now with the advent of cable television in many areas, public contact has been made easily available to serve a purpose so necessary in our cities. Through the use of video tape, footage can be made on the individual animals, informing the public of the area in which they were found, sex, approximate age, any distinct markings, and any additional information gathered to help promote speedy recovery. And again, where and who to contact. My partners and I are prepared with the time and experience to presently produce footage of the animals taken in and create video taped segments with the information and identification pertinent for their recovery. This footage, after taking the proper steps, could be aired on a specific day on a weekly basis. Television- or Cable-time could range from fifteen to thirty minutes depending on its availability. Video taping is a very inexpensive way to do this. Tapes can be used hundreds of times, saving greatly in cost. _ _ _ _. _ _ _ _. . : �� 20/20 VIDEO SERVICE VIDEOTAPED PRODUCTTONS �/20 2443 MORRISON . DEO SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA 55117 . (612) 484-6668 PAGE 3 We are asking you to help make this possible. With funding from Ramsey and Hennepin Counties, the Cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis, grants and supporters of the program, adequate coverage to all areas of the metropolitan area will be met. This idea created and made a success first in our great State of Minnesota would go hand-in-hand with the uniqueness and beauty our state has already offered the rest of our country. . Thank you. ;;;; _ _ _ _ _ _ __ - : . 2�U8�� 20/20 VIDEO SERVICE VIDEOTAPED PRODUCTTONS 20�20 2443 MORRISON . ]DEO SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA 55117 (612)484-6G68 PROGRESS TO DATE: 20/20 Video has contacted numerous cable companies. Western Minneapolis is now serviced with cable and subscription is approximately 40 to 50 percent of the homes located there. Suburbs include: Fridley, St. Louis Park, Eden Prairie, Edina, Hopkins, Minnetonka, Richfielc� to name a few. Contact has also been made in St. Paul with the newly established cable companies now handling the northern suburbs . Cable growth in St. Paul in the next year and a half is expected to be tremendous. Coverage here will include: White Bear, North St. Paul, Maplewood, and totalling approximately 18 cities. These cable companies are receptive and express a positive attitude toward a program of this sort. The use of television production equipment is at our disposal because this program is non-profit. Editing equipment and time would be donated by experienced technicians to bring all footage to excellent viewing quality. Contact has been made with our local channels and public service announcements can be made available to notify the public where they may view this programming. Promotion through some of the news-worthy talk shows has been discussed and when our program is in working order, this will also be made available. , �c��. MAPSI ANIMAL CONTROL 506 11TH AVE. N. MPLS.. MN 55411 612-339-6666 � 4, Novem�er 1982 To whom it may concern, I have been askec� to explain the procedure used by tnis firm for the resale of impounded animals. First, animals which have known owners, or animals which have been impounded for biting are not made available fo� readoption. Secondly, all animals must remain at our facility for the full five day holding period. During that time, if someone is interested in adopting a dog we require a deposit of $13 .00 which pays for a distemper and a parvo- virus immunization. Adoption of a cat requires a $5.00 deposit for a distemper vaccination. If the owner _ reclaims the animal, they are charged for the shots and tne deposit is returned to ttie i.nterested party. After the holding period, if the animal has not l�een reclaimed or identified by the owner, it may be resold. _ ______ Tne fee is $20 .00 for any clog and $10 .0� for any cat. It is tnen the responsibility �of the purchaser to take the animal to a veterinarian for a complete examination. If tne animal is determined to be unhealthy it may be returned for a refund of the purchase price, (excluding the deposit) . The figures for 1981 indicate that 540 dogs anci 374 cats were sold. Tt is not our purpose to sell animals for the profit. ti7e have found that selling unclaimed animals improves our overall image witn the public . I am enclosing a copy of the purcnase agreement that we have the interested party sign whicn explains our policies. If I could be of any further assistance on this, or any other related matter, feel free to contact me at 339-6668 . Sincerely, � �� . � Paul J. Pendleton Manager . . : . iGrt�7�.1�� an�tn�s�a�.co�v-rRO� 5�}6 �t"�'4-� ��,1�. r!. ;19;"�4...'�., }±+�'hs ��€11 ��a-��s-e��sa PURCHASE �1GREEMENT F�Jx. A.L� ANIMALS SOLD BY M�1PSI USDA# CAGE ,�` �., �Zl anim�Is so�c� �rom I�'1I�PST ax_e strays which are picke� up wh�.le running �t �_arge, therefore MAPSI makes nc claims �.s to th� �x��viQUS care or present health of such. animals . 2 , Because of this, I�IAPSi of�ezs the folZowing vaccix�ations : a. Distemp�r v�.ccx�ataon at a cost of five doliars . , b . �ar`tov�.rus v�.cc=:ir.at�c�n at a cost, of eight do?laxs. c. No other shots are �f�ered. Y 3 , Vaccinatian fees must be pa.�.d at the time the hold is n3.�.ced an the anirn�.1 , a�.c� *,�a.Z�. �e x'efunded only if the anwmal ws reclai.med by the awner� c�r ou:`�erwise made unavai�.ab�.e ��r resa�.p. 4 , Anima�s purchased �rom MAPSI rnust be taken to a veterinaxi<ir for a complete physical examination and further vaccin�ti�.°��= . (includ.:�ncx rabies) r czithi.n 72 �!ours of the time �f reie�.�� . ; , Sic'�c anzma�s wz"�1 bF accepte�. �or return and ref�.xnd a� the purchase price , (�xcluc?xna v�ccination ��es? , for u perinc� o�' ?4 �.ays from th� tir:i� of release if accompaniec� with praof that the anim.al w��s examined by a �Tetexi�aari�cn. y . Purchaser understaxzda that descriptions oL the a��.m��'s � as stated �n th� �icx�. up sl:ips are estimations . aurc�haser should check the ar_iYna:� ta ��.sur� that the breed, ag:� ar�� sex �ir_e as ��cZ�C-'.Cir ar�d zne�t t4�e specifications tY!at the .�� purchaser req�azres , 7 c�rtify that I have read the above t�rms , and that I un.de_CSv�.'-�C+ _-znd ag,-�� to th�m. �'u�th�r�ore, � agrF�e �.o �ack up the anizna�. o*~. o� s�ty cl�im an tiie anima� w�ll Yae f:.�*:i��w'��-.. S Z'•JXX`_E:Cs � �TGN.�TL°RE A��RR',SS DATE �r�t6�+J� . . DRBiFT August 1977 � Prepared by the National Ass��iation for Humane Legislation, Inc. 675 Pinell�s Paint Drive South, St. Petersburg, Florida 33705 Of an Act to add Sections 12 (a) and 12 (b) to the Maine Anti-Cruelty Stacutes, Chapter 17. Note: The law as finally passed differs slightly from this draft, which NAHL believes to be superior in several respects. The people of the State of Maine do enact as follows: • Section l. Section 12 (a) is added to the Penal Code as follows: 17, 12 (a) . No p�xson, peace officer, officer of a humane society, or offfcer of a pound or anitaal regula- tion department of a public agency shall kill any doq, cat, puppy or kitten by any means, method, aqeat or device, or in any way, except as follows: (a) By administration of sodium pentobarbital, or any other barbiturate, by any of the following methods and under the following conditions: (1) intravenous or intra-cardiil injection of a lethal solution in dogst (2) oral ingestion by dogs of powdered sodium pentobarbital in capsules mixed with food, with the dog remaining in its individual cage until dead (suited for use with vicious or intractable dogs) s (3) intraperitoneal or intr�-cardial injection in cats, kittens and puppies when location of and injection into the vein is difficult or impossibles (4) use of an undamaged hypodermic needle of a size suitable for tha size and spe- cies of aniunal; - (5) achninistration to be only by a licensed veterinarian or by a person trained for this purpose and occasion�lly checked by a licensed veterinari�nj (6) if it is impossible to obtain, aither directly, 0r indirectly through a licensed veterinarian, a sufficient supply of sodium pentobarbital or other barbiturate for injection, a euthanasia solution marketed under the trade name T-61 may be substituted, but only for intravenous injection of �dult dogs a�ccording to the diroctions of the manufacturers for intravenous injection. (b) By the use of carbon monoxide gas administered in � tightly-enclosed chamber equipped with s � (1) internal lighting and viewport providing direct visual observation of any animal within the chamber; (2) a qas qeneration process adequate to achieve a carbon monoxide qas concentration throuqhout the chamber of at least 5 percent within 5 minutes after any animal is placed in the chamberJ (3) a suitable qauge or gas concentration indicator or recordinq device makinq possi- ble easy and instantaneous visual determination of the carbon monoxide concentra- tion in the chambert (4) a means of cooling the gas, if from �n intern�l combustion gasoline engine, to a temperature not exceeding 115 degrees Fahrenheit at point of entry into the cham- ber and to 100 degrees at any point within the chamber, as determined by tempera- ture qauges permanently installed at point of entry and inside the chamber= (5) means of removing or filtering out all noxious fumes, irritating acids, and car- . bon particles from the gas before it nnters the chamberj (6) if an internal combustion engine is used for gas generation, a means of substan- tially deadening the sound and vibration transmission from the engine to the chaa►ber, by placinq them in separate rooms or soundproof compartments and connect- inq them with a flexible tubing or pipe at least 24 inches in length, so that the noise level within the chamber shall not exceed 70 dBAs (7� a means of keeping the animals in the chamber in separate compartments, except that puppies or kittens from th� same litter may be placed in a single compart- ment with their female parentj (8) an �xhaust fan connected by a gas-tight duct to the outdoors, capa�le of com- pletely evacuating the gas from the chamber before it is opened after each use, (Continued on other side) � - a - . . for the protection of personael. (c) Cats and kittens, and puppies under 6 months of age, may be killed with chlorofona, or with a mixture of chloroform and carbon dioxide by a means approved in writinq by any licensed veterinarian after inspectinq the equipment and method, provided the followinq requirements are observeds (1) the animal to be killed must be placed ia an individual caqe or coatp�rtment in a amall chamber �r box having a tiqht seal, or in a transparent trash bag which can be closed tiqht after introduction of the chlorpformJ (2) the chloroform, with the dos• sufficient to kill the size of animal, shall be placed on a paper towel, piece of qauze or ball of cotton, and inssrted iato the chamber or baq in such a position that the animal shall not be a�ble to come in direct contact with itt (3) the chamber or box, if used, must have a viswpozt sufficient to perr�it unob- structed observation of the a�imal until demd= (4) the animal must remain in the chamber or bag until rigor mortis has ast inj (5) the room in which the chloroform is administered must have forced ventilation to remove all fumes after each use, for the protoction of personnelt (6) if a mixture of chloroform and carbon dioxide ie used, the carboa dioxidn shall be from a cylinder of commercially-produced qas, with the gas introduced into the chamber im�aediately after introduction of the chloroform throuqh a valve which produces only a minimum of noise and psneits rapid distribution within the box, with an air vent at the top of the chamber to permit exit of displaced air. (d) �y shootinq, or use of a captive-bolt pistol, provided all of the followinq require- ments are met: (1) the animal is restrained in a humane manner so as to make possible an accurata ahot without the aniiaal becomiaq unduly aqitateds (2) a wempon and ammunitioa of suitable calibsr and other characterietics are used so ms to produce death with a sinqla shot to the brain, with the bullet entering the skull at a point approximately at the point where two lines drawn dimqonally from each eye to the back of tha opposite ear crossf (3) adequate precautions are taken to avoid danger to other animals and to persoanel by, ricocheting bulletst (4) a captive-bolt pistol may be eubstituted for qun and ammunition, to provide in- stantaneous unconsciousna�s by penetration of the skull and brain, to be followed by any suitable method of producinq desth if the animal is not deaS as � result of such penetration. - Note: The followinq sectioa was omitted from the law passed by Maine. It would qreatly facilitate procurement and use of sodium pentobarbital by humane society shelters. The wordinq is eimilar to the existing Virginia law on this point. Section 2. Section 12 (b) is added to the Penal Code as follows: 17, 12 (b) . The �oard of the State shall issue, upon such terms and condit�s as it finds proper, to any humane society that makes application therefor, a limited permit only for the purpose of buyinq, possessing and usinq sodium pentobarbital to euthanize sick, in- jured, homaless and unwanted doaiestic pets and animals. Th� application for such a permit shall be accompanied by a fee of fift�en dollars ($15) , which shall also be the fee for the annual rsnewal. (ADD PENALTY AND EFFECTIVE DATE CLAUSES) ### . . , , • . . • � . 280801 0� � 0 0 ° a ��10W0� C��' 0 0 o p�� 0 � ° O O O O O Q � o a� aa oQ . 0 . � a�a�oa 0 o Doo C� � O � The Humane Society of the United States • 2100 L Street, N.W./Washington, D.C.20037 1 ' • . , • � Foreword in animal welfare and control work, the act by which � animals are put to death peacefufly and without pain is known as euthanasia. lt is an act abhorred by humani- tarians, humane societies, and many public officials responsible for community animal control programs. Never- theless, euthanasia has been made necessary by irre- sponsible dog and cat owners who allow their animals to breed promiscuously despite the known fact there can be no homes for most of the new puppies and kittens being born daily into the world. Euthanasia is the most important activity of an animal shelter, public pound, or other anima� control facility be- cause the very least that can be done for unwanted animals is to put them to sleep gently, painlessly, and without fear, stress, or apprehension. Consequently, euthanasia of animals should be approached with the greatest care and consideration that the method used be truly humane. It should be entrusted only to a most conscientious and qualified worker—never to a humane society or public • pound employee who is careless, indifferent to animal suffering, intemperate, or otherwise unqualified. And it should be a binding responsibility of those in authority over facilities using euthanasia to check frequently on how the act is being performed. The Humane Society of the United States recommends injection of sodium pentobarbital by a veterinarian or trained technician as the best and most humane method of animal euthanasia. The Society recommends further that such injection never be done by unskilled laymen. Pentobarbital (technically, sodium pentobarbital) is an effective and humane euthanasia agent for animals, birds and reptiles. It is a crystalline white powder which, when given in sufficient strength and quantity, produces a seda- tive and hypnotic effect followed by a painless death while the animal is asleep. Pentobarbital can be fatal to human beingsas well as animals. Pentobarbitat sodium is a Sche- dule II controlled substance under Public Law 91-513. Pentobarbital can be hypodermically injected into a • vein, the heart, or heart cavity, or intraperitoneally by a veterinarian or trained technician. One advantage of hypo- 2 dermic administration of pentobarbital is that it works • more quickly, often virtually instantaneously.This is important when bringing relief to an injured animal or in other emergencies. Humane societies and government pounds wishing to use pentobarbital hypodermically are urged, therefore, to consult a veterinarian, or person skilled in this method of euthanasia. Attempts by untrained laymen to use the drug hypodermically may cause suffering to animals. Pentobarbital given by mouth (oral) is a satisfactory method of administration in normal circumstances but the time taken before the animal is unconscious may be con- siderable. Some struggling disorientation, excitement, incoordination may devetop prior to unconsciousness which may be stressful to the animal. Oral pentobarbital, however, should be administered by a capsule or tablet, never as loose powder(the taste is too bitter). The drug may also be administered rectally, in a water solution, using a small rubber syringe. This method is � practical for use by laymen; it can be used when animals are ill or injured. Injectable pentobarbital is an economical and rapid method of euthanasia. Animals can be euthanized as quickly as the time required to inject them. Methods of Administration 1. Injection by Hypodermic Syringe and Needle Mix the dry powder with hot water using 1 part powder to 3 parts water to make a saturated solution. The solution will be colorless, but vegetable dye can be added to prevent its misuse. Naturally, with a saturated solution, smaller amounts will have to be injected to produce death. Using the enclosed guide for body weights and syringe and needle sizes, several routes of administration may be used. A. Intracardiac—Here the solution is injected directly • into the heart or heart cavity. Death is almost instan- taneous. Often the animal will collapse before the needle is withdrawn. 3 The heart is on the left side between the third and fifth • ribs. By feeling the heart beat with your fingers, it is pos- sible to detect the exact location of the heart.The beat or pulsations will be strongest directly over the heart, and in lean, short-haired anim�ls may be actualiy visible. When the animal is standing, or slightly raised in the front, the heart will rest on the sternum or breast bone. Before inserting the needle, test with your fingers ora cotton ball to insure it is sharp and without rough edges. The iength of the needle must reach through the skin, muscle, and fat into the heart itself. Small and thin animals require a shorter needle than large and obese animals. While an assistant holds the neck and gently talks to the animal, insert the needle between the fourth and fifth ribs where the heartbeat is strongest. Some people like to have the assistant firmly pat the opposite side of the rib cage during the insertion of the needle. Most animals will have no reaction to the needle. You will know when you are in the heart as blood will flow back into the syringe or the syringe will move with each pulsation of the heart. The � syringe plunger should be withdrawn slightly to check that the needle is in the heart and not in the lungs; blood will flow into the syringe if the needle is in the heart. Inject the appropriate dosage for the animal's body weight. Always overestimate rather than underestimate the dosage. The same needle and syringe may be used repeatedly as long as you check often to be sure the needle retains its sharp- ness. The animal should drop almost immediately. If unconsciousness is not immediate, continue to pet or hold the animal and talk to it soothingly. Occasionally, an animal will cry out when the solution is injected in this area. This may be due to accidental injec- tion into the lungs or a nerve. The animal is almost immediately under the sedative effects of the drug and experiences a state of relaxation and well being. Once an animal loses consciousness, it is easy to inject another dose directly into the heart to produce immediate death. The intracardiac method is easily used on injured, diseased, small and infant animals. � B. Intravenous—This is the most commonly used method by veterinarians. The veins usually are the 4 cephalic or large veins in the forelegs. A great deal of • expertise is needed in using this method and it is not recommended for the average person. Also, most felines resent being restrained and this, of course, is necessary to immobilize the leg and vein for insertion of the needle. This method of euthanasia is perhaps the most aesthe- tically pleasing to the observer and death is very rapid � when the proper overdose is given. This method also requires use either of a tourniquet, or an assistant to com- press the vein. For cats use a small needle, size 22 or 21 x 1". For dogs use size 20 x 1" needle and 18 x 11/2" for larger dogs. C. Intraperitoneal—This is the easiest method to learn. Its main disadvantage is that unconsciousness and death are not instantaneous. It is most effective on wild animals and animals that are difficult to handle. Animals in humane wire traps can be injected into the peritoneum (abdominal cavity) through the bottom of the cage. This eliminates stress and anxiety due to handling. Again, animals rarely react to the inserted needle. After injection of the solution, , the animal gradually drifts into sleep and unconscious- ness. Some may go through stage of excitation and dis- orientation and should therefore be gently restrained to prevent self-induced trauma and to facilitate a peaceful death. Death follows quickly if the proper dose has been given. The intraperitoneal method works well on monkeys and other exotic species who cannot be held as easily as tame animals. One problem with this method is the possibility of injecting into the lumen of the bowel which can slow the rate of absorption of the drug into the bloodstream. By mixing your own solution in a 1 to 3 ratio, the approxi- mate cost per cc (based upon $25 per pound of powder) is 2.1 cents per cc. If syringes are donated from hospitals or clinics, the only other cost would be employee time. Commercially prepared solutions are expensive com- pared to the powder, and they often contain a preservative drug such as alcohol. This kind of additive can cause • irritation to the lungs and other tissues. Prepared solu- tions are best injected into a vein. Since the solution mixed with water will deteriorate in time, only enough for 5 one week should be mixed in advance. Refrigeration will retard deterioration, but injecting a cold solution is not • recommended. A solution should have reached room temperature before use. As in other methods of euthanasia, no animals should be left unattended until death is confirmed by absence of heart beat, respiration, and the mucous membranes (gums and lining in oral cavity) have turned dark blue or purplish. The following scale is a general guide for dosage and syringe and needle sizes. Dosage is based on a solution of 1 to 3 ratio in dilution. TINY AND SMALL KITTENS 2-5 ccs of solution 5 cc syringe 22 gauge x 1" needle CATS AND PUPPIES 5-10 ccs of solution 10 cc syringe 22 gauge x 1" needle SMALL DOGS(10 to 24 Ibs.) 10 ccs of solution 10 cc syringe 22 gauge x 1" needle � MEDIUM DOGS(25 to 49 Ibs.) 10-20 ccs of solution 10 cc syringe 20 gauge x 1 �h" needle MEDIUM LARGE DOGS 20-30 ccs of solution (50 to 74 Ibs.) 20 cc syringe 18 gauge x 1 �h" needle LARGE DOGS (75 to 100 Ibs.) 30-50 ccs of solution 20 cc syringe 18 gauge x 1 �h" or 2" needle VERY LARGE DOGS(Over 100 Ibs.) 50 ccs of solution 50 cc syringe 18 gauge by 2" or 2�h" needle NOTE: When it is necessary to use a second syringe(for example,when a dog requires 30 ccs of solution and you are using the required 20 cc syringe),have the second syringe ready and,without removing the needle of the first syringe from the animal's heart,attach the second filled syringe to the needle.This procedure • eliminates relocating the heart. 6 II. Oral Administration ,• Pentobarbital may be administered orally to dogs, cats, and other small animals in the form of capsules or tablets. Generally speaking, the oral method is preferable for dogs since cats are often unwilling to eat medicated food. For oral administration, pentobarbital may be bought in either bulk powder or tablet form. By buying the bulk powder and empty gelatin capsules, it is possible to make your own capsules and lower costs. The loose powder usually comes in one pound jars and costs about$23 to$38 per pound. One pound of pentobarbital will make about 1200 5 grain capsules. To cause death, use one grain of pentobarbital for each pound of body weight. Weight of the animal may be esti- . mated, but remember: overdose, never underdose. This table may help workers who are inexperienced in estimating animal weights: Cairn Terrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 grains Fox Terrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 grains � Boston Terrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 grains Cocker Spaniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 grains Boxer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 grains Collie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 grains Great Dane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 grains Tiny kittens(eyes not opened) . . . 2 grains Large kittens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 grains Adult cats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8•20 grains Squirrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 grains Small bird(robin, etc.). . . . . . . . . 1�/z grains When capsules are used orally for dogs in a shelter, the following procedure will be found convenient: First: plan to do the euthanasia work in late after- noon or evening when visitors will be excluded from the shelter. Ideally, the work is done in the evening when dogs in the shelter tend to be quiet and to sleep. The drug works most quickly if given on an empty stomach. A minimum amount of liquid should be given • animals during the day the drug is to be administered. Afteradministration, they may take liquids freely. Some shelters feed a very light supper at about 4:00 P.M. to dogs that are to be put to sleep, with the capsules in the food. 7 It is desirable to confine each dog that is to be put to sleep in a relatively small cage. This is not essential, but � there is a period, after administration, when the animals lose control of their tegs before they become fully uncon- scious. Confinement serves to keep the dogs from bump- ing into possibly harmful objects. A dog that is relatively closely confined also goes to sleep more quickly than one that is permitted to wander in a large room or runway. Using 5-grain capsules, mold each capsule into a small pellet of a canned dog food (Pard, Ken-L-Ration, etc.). Place all of the pellets on a feeding dish and put before the dog as you would a regular meal. Because dogs bolt such food, unchewed, no trouble will be experienced with administration. Some shelters try to have a good bone to give to each dog after it has taken the pentobarbital. This helps to induce the dog to lie down while working on the bone, and to remain quiet. On most dogs, the first effect will be visible in about 30 minutes—sometimes sooner, sometimes later. First � symptoms of working of the drug will be a gradual loss of control of legs. The dog will show no sign of distress; on the contrary, most animals show distinct signs of feeling weI L At about this time the dog will like a drink of water. The water may speed action of the drug. If the dose of pentobarbital has been adequate, nothing further is to be done. Death, however, may not occur for several hours. The animal lies in sleep, breathing quietly, and the end comes slowly and gently. It is important that animals should be observed occa- sionally during this period to be sure that none are reviving as a result of having had too little pentobarbital. Neversend bodies of euthanized animals from the shel- ter or cremate them until they are actually stiff and cold. Failure to follow this injunction can cause tragedy. Because cats will not usually eat food containing capsules or tablets, oral pentobarbital must be administered • as medicine. Hold the cat gently and place the capsule far back in the throat. Some cats will spit up a capsule given this way. 8 Miscellaneous Comments � When putting to sleep a mother and babies, put the mother to sleep firsf. Some workers think it is a wise precaution, after small kittens and puppies have gone into a sound sleep, to put them in a wire cat carrier or similar container and keep them under observation untit rigormortis sets in. As all shelter workers know, infant animals often are more tenacious of life than older animals. Always insure that the euthansia room is quiet and as soundproof as possible since sudden noises during the induction of euthanasia may cause hyperexcitation. Because of the likelihood of acute respiratory distress, injections should never be made into the lungs or chest cavity. Whenever possible, injections should be given via the cephalic or saphenous vein of the fore and hind legs respectively.This route is considered the most humane and should be used whenever possible. • We do not endorse the use of succinylcholine chloride to immobilize an intractable animal prior to the injection of sodium pentobarbital. Because of the effects of this paralyzing drug, its use cannot be considered to be humane. For intractable animals, restraint and an intra- peritoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital, or injecting a tranquilizer first(such as Ace-promazine or Rompun) would be more humane alternatives. It is repeated that pentobarbital, in quantity, can be fatal. The Humane Society of the United States offers the advice given above only upon request from responsible humane societies and public pounds, and assumes no liabilities for any use of pentobarbital. For further information, address The Humane Society of the United States at 2100 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. � 9 The Institute - - �SOSQ�1 for the Study of Animal Problems A Division of The Humane Society of the United States Lega1 Steps for the Procurement of Sodium Pentobarbital for Euthanasia of Cats and Dogs By Michael W. Fox, D.Sc., Ph.D., B. Vet. Med. M.R.C.V.S. in consultation with Miss Phyllis Wright, Director of Animal Sheltering and Control for The Humane Society of the United States � � � - � �8 Q841 e � _ Why The H S U S is Opposed to the Use of the High Altitude � Decompression Chamber for Animal Euthanasia The Humane Society of the United States 2100 L St. NW/Washington, DC 20037 September,1978 � • • , ��V1 Euthanasia means an easy death without apprehension, fear or stress. Humanitarians generally acknowledge the necessity of euthanizing unwanted animals. In 1973, the CBS news program "60 Minutes" covered the topic of animal control and showed euthanasia by two methods -- high altitude decompression chamber and sodium pentobarbital injection. That broadcast brought national attention to the question of the humaneness of the decompression chamber for euthanasia, and fueled the debate on this topic among humane organizations. HSUS has been asked by many local groups to testify for legislation to ban the chamber. As a result of our experience, we maintain that the decompression chamber is not a humane method of animal destruction. The chamber generally used by aninial shelters and municipal pounds is the "Euthanair", manufactured by a California company. The animals are loaded into the chamber, and the air in the chamber is withdrawn by a vacuum pump. The chamber simulates the low oxygen pressure of high altitudes, reducing the oxygen moving from the animal's lungs �o its blood. Proponents of the chamber, including the American Humane Association and some local animal shelters, liken this to experiments in simulated high altitude cbnducted by the military in connection with space exploration, �� However, the military equipment is considerably more sophisticated than that � used in animal shelters, and is operated by sci.entists and technicians. Euthanair promotional literature describes its working mechanism simply as "motor and pump." Also, the military test subjects are pilots who are in good physical condition and are examined and monitored by physicians. -2- � ' ' Thc animals in the chamber experience hypoxia (symptoms of oxygen deficiency) , unconsciousness and death. Theoretically, the animals become unconscious before any physiological damage occurs and therefore feel no pain. The American Huma�ie Association held an informal conference on euthanasia in May 1964, attended by AHA representatives, scientists and U.S. Air Force personnel. The report from that meeting includes statements by the partici- pants that internal injuries -- middle ear hemorrhage, engorgement of organs with blood, lung damage, the "bends" -- do not occur during the decompression stage of the cycle, but they occur instead during recompression, after the animal has succumbed to unconsciousness and death. '1'I�e report docs recommend that animals exhibiting symptoms of respiratory illness and c]ay-old animals should be examined by a veterinarian to determine the most suitable method of euthanasia, and that young, aged and sick animals bc hcld at altitude for a longer period. , Two of the participants -- .lames E. Dunn, II, Captain, USAF, MC, and Richard Bancroft, }'h.D. , of the L1SAF School of Aerospace Medicine -- conducted an experiment in which dogs were euthanized in an Air Force decompression chamber. One of their conclusions, included in an addendum to the conference report, was that: "It. was demonstrated that middle ear hemorrhage was a result of recompression in the two animals examined rather than decompression." 'I'he claim that animals become unconscious before the damaging effects of decompression-recompression take place is in question. Dr. George P. Biro, Assistant I'rofessor in the Department of Physiology, University of Ottawa, studied the technical specifications and literature on the Euthanair, which state that decompression to an equivalent altitude of 55,000 ft. is achieved - - � . � � 2�+U8�� . -3- in 45 to (�0 scconcls. Ur. Biro wrote, "l t c�ne were to sucicJenl y ascend to an alt itucle of �3(1,000 ft. , consciousncss woulcl b�� lost in 60-80 seconcls. Instantaneous , ascent to higher altitudes would be followed by shorter periods before consciousness was lost (e.g. , at 40,000 ft. , 30 seconds, etc.) . It is unlikely that consciousness due to hypoxia would be lost much sooner than about 20 seconds, even if instantaneous ascent to 50-60,000 ft. would be achieved. This period, before consciousness is lost, is accompanied by very marked h��perven- tilation, apprehension, etc. . . . ". . . I think that I cannot acc:ept, without reservations, t}�e claim that the Euthanair equipment permits a safe and absolutely � humane answer to the problem of the disposal of un��dnted anim�ils. I think it is relatively easy to operate and allows relativelv large 'turnover' ; it does subject the animals to pain and suffer- ing during the period prior to loss of consciousness. " The late Dr. F.1,. Thomsen, who was president of Humane Information Services .in St. Petersburg, Floricla, wrote about decoinpression in the March 1��75 issue of Report to liumanitarians after exten�ive research. "'t'hc rcally undesirable effects of rapid decompression arise mainly as a result of the expansion of gas reservoirs con- tained within the body. As the ambient (outside) air pressure is rapidly reduced during decompressi.on, the gases in these body cavities obey the laws of physics by attempting to expand, or to find an outlet so that the internal and external pressures can be equalized. If these gases can readily escape from the cavities or hollow org��ns in which they are contained, such as the lungs, gastrointesti_nal tract, and sinus and inner car I�ass�iges, there is little or no pain. If not, the pressure of the expancling gases will produce what in some cases may be severc pain. . . "'I'he attempt of gases in the sini�� ;�assages and micl�ile ear to cxpand and escape, as the otitsicl� i.r�ssure drops, ma�� r�sul r in painful pressures if catarrh�il infection ohstructs the air. passages. If the o�ening froni the inner ear to the naso- pharynx (the eustachian tube) is blocked, the pressure built up in the inner ear may be especially painful ." Thomsen also quotes Professor Bryan I-L C. Matthews, F.R.S. , of the 1'hysiological Labc�ratory, Cambridge University, England, from a statement from the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: "The change of pressure has to reach the mi.ddle ear, other- wise the eardrum is forced out and may produce severe pain. In man this eyualization of pressure i.s effected hy opening the eustachian tube at the back of the throat either by -4- � ' ' voluntary effort (with practice) or unconsciously in swallow- ing, and during reduction in pressure this must be done many times to avoid pain developing. Laboratory animals do not seem to 'clear their ears' easily during reduction of pressure, and this seems to me to raise a major difficulty in applying this proposal (rapid decompression) . Laboratory animals, even with very slow reduction of pressure, often show signs (scratch- ing the ears, etc.) that they are distressed by this effect, and anaesthetized cats decompressed at rates tolerable to human beings suffer severe injury to the ears which might be expected to be painful; moreover any infective condition of nose and throat is often accompanied by blocking of the eustachian tube by mucus, etc. , making decompression impos- sible without severe pain or injury to the eardrum. I would imagine many animals to be destroyed might be in such con- dition. This, I think, makes it most improbable that decom- pression could be successfully employed for painless animal destruction." HSUS investigators have witnessed live animals coming out of the chambers after the cycle was completed. Young animals still adapted to the low-oxygen environment of the womb are especially susceptible, and few shelters take the time to give them special treatment. Adult animals who manage to find a pocket of oxygen in the chamber after decompression }can emerge alive also. The �any animals who survive the cycle of decompression-recompression may suffer painf.ul internal injuries as indicated above. In the 1978 report from the American Veterinary Medical Association panel on euthanasia methods, euthanasia by decompression is described as "satisfactory. . .provided the equipment is properly constructed, correctly maintained, and proficiently operated. Because many difficulties have arisen in using decompression and because there is a general lack of understanding of how hypoxia affects animals, other methods of euthanasia are preferable. " In testimony at hearings on a bill to ban decompression euthanasia in South Carolina, representatives of the American Humane Association and the South Carolina Veterinarians Association qualified their support of Euthanair saying it must be properly maintained and used. HSUS considers proper maintenance and proficiency of use a significant qualification. In 1974, 192 Euthanair machines were inspected by the State of � � � . � � �� . ' -5- California, and 62% were found to be inoperable. The chamber is susceptible to breakdown and gauge malfunction; therefore, it may recompress in the middle of a cycle. It has been suggested that any agency using the chamber also purchase an altimeter to doublecheck the gauges. The October 1964 conference of the American Humane Association Euthanasia Committee reported that Euthanair operators should follow a procedure with no less than 13 steps, many of them with more than one specific action, and with a set of color codes. The procedure includes sorting animals to avoid placing hostile animals together, and checking gauges through the cycle. Such a lengthy complex procedure invites misinterpretation and misuse. A careless turn of a knob in the wrong direction could result in great suffering for the chamber occupants. In addition, the machine is often overloaded in order to process more animals -- the overcrowcling of animals and the placing of dogs and cats together in close quarters causes extreme tension for the animals. The American Humane Association has recommended that the chamber be operated by trained personnel and its use supervised by a veterinarian. However, it is unlikely that shelter employees trying to euthanize animals in a hurry will take the time to consult a veterinarian if there is a question about a parti- cular animal . In a 1977 letter prepared for the South Carolina hearings, T. I. Hughes of the Ontario Humane Society wrote, "Decompression chambers which were used in Ontario were taken out of our shelters after very careful investigation by the 'Euthanasia Committee' which included veterinarians, lay work- ers, etc. . . . It was the opinion of our Euthanasia Committee that short of the Committee supervising every operation of the unit, that in spite of all the regulations that could be posted in the room and all the training and all the guidance that could be given and all the supervision that could be given at long range, in spite of all these precautions it could not be reason- ably guaranteed to produce humane death for the animals." Indeed, the decompression chamber is virtually non-exiszent in Canada today. � -6- ' . � , More and more humanitarians are becoming concerned about the cruelties resulting from the use of the decompression chamber. Efforts to ban use of decompression for animal euthanasia have been successful in many locations, including the states of Maine, Massachusetts and Arizona, and the cities of Dallas, Texas; Berkeley, California; and Port Wayne, Indiana; as well as Prince George's County, Maryland and Ventura County, California. Shelters in Los Angeles County and Santa Clara, California, have switched from de- compression to injection, as have the Indianapolis Humane Society, the Peninsula Humane Society in San Mateo, California, the Pomona Valley (Calif.) Humane Society, the ASPCA in New York City, the Boulder (Colorado) Humane Society and the Anti-Cruelty Society in Chicago. In late 1977, three California shelters -- the county animal shelter in Baldwin Park, and shelters run by the Pasadena Humane Society and the San Gabriel Valley FIumane Society -- decided to stop using the chamber following local public protest and informal discussion among shelter managers at a conventic>n of the American Humane Association, according to The Los Angeles Times. The Times quoted the executive director of the Pasadena group: "It was generally agreed that use of the high altitude chamber might not be sp humane as we have been led to believe." Phyllis Wright, HSUS Director of Animal Sheltering and Control, spoke on Euthanair operation before the Dallas City Council in March, 1975, as that bo�y was deciding to ban decompression for euthanasia at the animal facility: "I do object strenuously to the information that is given on the back page of the Euthanair brochure where it says a device that is 33 inches wide and 42 inches long can handle up to 50 animals an hour. It is totally impossible -- unless it i� overcrowded. Now mathematics is not my greatest subject, but it is quite easy for me to figure out that with a chamber 33" by 42", one German shepherd would be comfortable. Four beagles � � � -7- �V�� would be comfortable. Loading the machine takes at least two minutes. If it is run correctly, it is run for one and one-half minutes and held for ten minutes. If the machine has been unloaded and it is cleared of the vomit, and the urine, and the feces, obviously that is going to take you another five minutes. It is totally mathematically impos- sible to euthanize more than 16 animals per hour humanely in the Euthanair, and I would be happy for anyone to explain to me how it could be done with any more animals and be used humanely." Walter E. Kilroy, then Director of Operations and now Vice President, Massa- chusetts SPCA, discussed the cost of decompression versus euthanasia by overdose of sodium pentobarbital before the City Council of Ft. Wayne, Indiana, May 1977: "MSPCA shelters receive. . .60,000-85,000 stray and unwanted animals annually. Of this number, some 50,000-70,000 must be destroyed due to advanced age, poor health, undesirable temperament, or simply the lack of suitable homes. "The method of animal euthanasia which we have used exclusivc�ly for more than 30 years is the injection of sodium pentobarbital or its derivatives. There is absolutely no question in our mind that it is the most h�mane methoa available today. Additionally, it is an efficient, practical and inexpensive method -- applicable to either small or large numbers of animals, be they stray, un- wanted or a combination of both. "It has been suggested by some, however, that it is impractiCal in terms of cost and humane application to strays in particular. "I would like to respond to both of these assertions. "First, cost--During 1974, we destroyed 52,000 stray and un- wanted animals, using 98 gallons of sodium pentobarbital in the process. The cost of the material was $5,426.00. Hence, 10.4¢ was spent on material for each animal euthanized. "Staff time required for each animal euthanized is as follows: On the average two qualified persons (one to restrain a dog and close the vein and the other to administer the intravenous injection) euthanize a dog in less than two minutes. "69ith respect to cats, one qualified person can simultaneously accomplish both restraint of the animal and the abdominal in- jection of the material. Generally, much less time is required for the euthanasia procedure involving cats." (Cost figures from the MSPCA for 1976 show that the average cost per animal euthanized for equipment and material was 6�.) . -8- • � "I realize that proponents of the Rapid Decompression Method often suggest that sodium pentobarbital often cannot be humanely administered to strays. The rationale for their position is that strays are not pets and, therefore, do not tolerate the kind of physical handling and restraint required in the euthana- sia administration of an injectable barbiturate. "MSPCA's thirty plus years of experience in handling strays and using injection euthanasia does not support this contention. To be sure, a small percentage of animal:�, be they owned or strays, will resist handling but the percentage is indeed small. . . "Rapid decompression, we feel is an impersonal method of euthanasia which can foster operator insensitivity to the potential detriment of the animals destroyed by it. "Also, there are still not only ulianswered questions as to its humaneness, but more importznt, it is a method more predisposed to misuse (from overcrowding, etc.) and/or equipment malfunction, either one of which can render it extremely inhumane." Joyce A. Tischler of the Association for Responsible Animal Guardianship made the following comments in her report on euthanasia methods for the Animal Control Unit of the Oakland, California, Police Department, represented in Anril 1978: • "In the course of our research, we contacted doctors at Castle Air Force Base (which has an experimental decompression chamber) , and Travis Air Force Base. The following points were brought out regarding decompression performed by the Air Force on human sub- jects: "1. The Air Force decompression chambers are not designed for euthanasia, but rather for training Air Force personnel. "2. Personnel must be in good to excellent physical condition before being allowed into the chamber. The reason for this is that persons with colds or other respiratory difficulties cannot handle pressure equalizations, and there have been cases where trainees experienced great pain, and some, permanent damage. Therefore, trainees must undergo a sinus check prior to under- going decompression, and they will not be allowed in if unable to ventilate their middle ear. . . "3. On the first day of decompression training, trainees are taken up to 35,000 feet in fifteen minutes. This is not com- parable to the use of chambers in pounds, which state law requires must reach 53-55,Op0 feet within one minute. � � . � -9- �GS��Vl "4. Air Force doctors expressed concern over expansion of internal gases in animals being brought to 55,000 feet in one minute. Human subjects who are unable to pass gas freely have found it extremely uncomfortable. "5. It was suggested that animals may suffer emotional dis- tress from such unfamiliar surroundings and from the sound made when the air is being evacuated. "6. The Air Force has never endorsed the decompression chamber, nor any other specific machine or method for small animal euthana- sia." Philip L. Anthony, supervisor, first district, Orange County, California, researched thoroughly the issue of decompression versus sodium pentobarbital injection for animal euthanasia. His report of May 9, 1978 to the county board of supervisors includes the following: "My staff and I have actually witnessed both methods in practice, and reviewed a considerable body of information on this subject. I have observed first hand the routine decompression chamber process and a demonstration of an injection process at our Animal Shelter. I also visited a Los Angeles County Animal Shelter where an injection method is now used regularly and observed their operations first hand. • "My personal conclusions are: 1) that the decompression method, even when perfectly executed, does cause significant stress and suffering to the animals, 2) that the injection method causes essentially no stress or suffering and is the most humane method of animal euthanasia currently available, and 3) that when carried out by licensed Animal Health Technicians or properly trained kennel attendants, as is done in Los Angeles County, the injection method costs about the same or even less than the decompression method. . . "From my own observations through the viewing port in the decompres- sion chambers at our Orange County Animal Shelter, I can tell you tfiat the animals (dogs in the cases I witnessed) become obviously agitated and distressed within a few seconds after the vacuum pump is turned on. They all gasped noticeably, and most yelped and ci - cled frantically. Within a minute or two, or three they gradual�y collapsed to the floor of the chamber with tossing about of their heads and forequarters. In their final conscious seconds there was more gasping and then final twitching and minor convulsions. After two or three minutes, say up to 200 seconds of obvious distress, the animals were collapsed on the floor of the chamber apparently unconscious. -10- � . � . "To put this kind of experience in perspective, the decompression chamber process is equivalent to you or I being removed from essen- tially sea level here in Orange County to twice the altitude of Mount Everest in less than a minute! . . . "Shortly after its development for animal euthanasia by a staff member of the American Humane Association, the decompression chamber was commercialized, most especially by the Euthanaix Company. This private company has manufactured and actively promoted and marketed animal decompression chambers since the 1950's. . . "Regardless of the implied allegations that personal relation- ships or advertising revenues may have influenced the American Humane Association's endorsement which no doubt helped gain the acceptance of the decompression chamber method, I am most con- cerned that for years this method had been 'sold' as a product in the form of inechanical equipment. The equipment was apparent- ly sold as humane enough and as more cost effective than previous methods. To me it is very unfortunate that commercial marketing techniques have apparently played a role in the promotion of a method for such a sensitive and unfortunate task as the destruc- tion of animals in question. . . ". . .I must now add my impressions of the attitudes of the per- sonnel at our Animal Shelter involved with the decompression chamber method versus those at the Los Angeles County Shelter involved with their injection method. The staff inembers at our shelter were at best protective of their decompression method. And, it showed as they carted the animals up, loaded them in the chamber, threw the switch, then hauled the animals out and cleaned up the mess afterwards. It was like they knew what was happening, but could keep it at an impersonal dis- tance by virtue of the mechanical operation of the chamber. They did not have to look into the chamber -- and apparently they never did, even though some authorities say they should. . . "In contrast, the injection method team was very close to each animal as it quietly and cleanly expired. But, they appeared calmly confident in what they were doing, and openly stated they believed their work to be the best way to carry out an unavoidable task. I went away from the two experiences firmly convinced that the injection team felt much better about the correctness and the humane value of their work t�.ian did the decompression chamber operators. . . "Both the public and the humane organizations have stressed to me that public cooperation with our Animal Shelter could be greatly improved if the decompression chamber were not in use. Not only would more homeless and unwanted animals be brought to our shelter, but significantly more volunteer help would become available in all areas. . . ' � -11- � �� "I have tried to explain the several reasons why decompression, both theoretically and in practice, is an inhumane method by which to destroy unwanted animals. If you agree with my conclu- sions, then cost advantages, whether real or not, should no longer be a factor in our decision. For the most basic ethical reasons, if we are intentionally to destroy animals at all it must be done humanely." Dr. John W. Oliver, DVM, of Saratoga, California, prepared a position paper on "The High-Altitude Decompression Chamber vs. Sodium Pentobarbital Injection," and included the following comments: "To develop some comparative figures, we ran a number of timed studies at the Humane Society of Santa Clara Valley. We used the machine according to state law, and used the lay help that had normally operated the machine. For the accepted load of 10 cats, our times ranged from 35 to 40 minutes. This involved loading the cats from their cages into the portable euthanasia cages, loading the chamber, running it for the time prescribed by Section 597W, unloading and cleaning as required by 597W. This gave us a labor cost of 31.6 cents per cat, very close to the 30 cent figure offered in support of the chamber by the City of Los Angeles. "We then tabulated our expense for labor and drugs for several hundred cats euthanized by injection. Our labor cost for one man, injecting one cat per minute by the intraperitoneal route, was 8.3 cents per cat. The cost of the drug, when purchased at $4.90 per 100 cc was 9.8 cents per cat for a total of 18.1 cents, a saving of 13.5 cents per cat. "We then did a study on several hundred dogs. All of these dogs were given intravenous injections by a team of two men trained by myself. They averaged 25 dogs per hour. The labor costs were 40 cents per dog and the cost of drugs averaged 12.2 cents per dog (average 25 pound dog requires 2.S cc) for a total of 52.2 cents. "Certainly the average of 18.1 cents for cats and 52.2 for dogs (average all animals: 35. 15 cents) compares favorably with the 30 to 45 cents figure offered in support of the chamber. . . "I have trained numerous people (for sodium pentobarbital in- jection) . The people I trained were not specially hired to participate in the program, but were the regular kennel people on the premises. The program was very simple, requiring approx- imately 4 hours of work with each person. They quickly learned how to inject a vein on the larger animals and how to introduce the material intraperintoneally on the smaller ones. They are all doing a beautiful job and in most cases have as a result of doing so many, become more adept than their teacher. . . . -12- ' , , , "We know that lay people can handle the job -- that the expense and expertise of a veterinarian are totally uncalled for. These lay people are euthanizing thousands of dogs in facilities as large as any in California. We have statements -- not £rom little old ladies or even well-intentioned but frequently ill- advised veterinarians, but rather from professors and xesearch people actually in the area of Aerospace and Biophysics who make only too graphic the agonizing deaths the animals suffer in the decompression chamber. . . "I will be happy to provide any additional information or assistance to groups willing to abolish the decompression chamber and change over to euthanasia by injection, and can be reached at the Saratoga Pet Clinic, 12250 S. Saratoga- Sunnyvale Rd. , Saratoga, California 95070." John T. Kalberer, Jr. , Ph.D. , who has a research background with the National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute and National Advisory Cancer Council, included the following comments in a letter prepared for hearings to ban the decompression chamber in Dallas, Texas: "I quote from a reasearch paper of mine which appeared in the journal Aerospace Medicine, Vol. 40, pg. 1071, 1969. Shortly after decompression, animals exhibit difficulty in breathing ("chokes") , begin scratching,show little motor activity, and, in most instances, die within minutes (up to 15 minutes) . For a few seconds preceding death, the animals jump about erraticallx, have severe respiratory distress with hiccough-like spells, twitch, fall on their backs, gasp several times, and expire. In some instances you can even get enlarged abdomens due to gaseous distension of the gastrointestinal tract. These facts are the result of well con- trolled research experiments which had to be carried out so that this Nation could safely land men on the moon. This work was done also in an effort to make undersea exploits safer. It is evident that these animals are subjected to a painful and grotesque last few seconds of life where in some instances the process can last several minutes." . Linda Johnston is a concerned South Carolinian who spent nearly a year researching the decompression question. She testified at the hearings on the bill to ban decompression for euthanasia in the state: "As regards the comparison of experiments conducted by the armed forces in sophisticated high altitude simulators to what occurs in the comparatively crude apparatus being used in animal shelters today, there is no comparison. The Euthanair, if you will, is an oversized garbage can with a vacuum pump attached to it, and the difference certainly does not end there. The information I have indicates that military simulators ascend at a rate of 1,000 feet per minute. The Euthanair ascends at a rate of 1,000 feet per second, or 60 times faster! � . • . -13- �� "The Euthanair simulates an altitude of 55,000 feet, or what would amount to ten miles straight up wi[hin 45-60 seconds. There is no time for the euphoria Commander Passaglia (Commander Martin Passaglia, physiologist, testified against the bill as a representative of the American Humane Association) would have us believe occurs at this staggering rate of speed. It would take a mili- tary simulator almost an hour to reach a 55,000 foot altitude at the rate of 1,000 feet per minute, and at that rate of ascent, the gradual deprivation of oxygen would probably bring about this euphoric state, but not at 1,000 feet per second: "Bear in mind, also, that military simulators stop well below the 55,000 foot level because the human subject would obviously die if he were taken to that altitude. So you see, you cannot compare these two devices either on a level of inechanical excellence or performance because there just is no comparison. "And now the question of pain. There is a great deal of disagreement among doctors, veterinarians and other authorities in the United States on this question, but Canadian and British authorities have not included de- compression as a humane method of euthanasia in those countries. The reason is that no one has ever been able to prove that an animal, especially an animal with upper respiratory disease which would cause blockage of the inner ears or eustachian tubes, does not experience excruciating pain when the gases trapped in his inner ear expand six times in volume during the decompression process. "AHA tries to allay our fears by citing experiments using electroencephalograms to measure pain. But a highly-respected and prominent Canadian authority, Dr. H. C. Roswell, Executive Director of the Canadian Council on Animal Care, a veterinarian, and professor of the Department of Pathology of the University of Ottawa advises on this subject: It is fraudulent to interpret that the EEG can define what the animal is experiencing. One simply does not know if the brain acti- vity 'is' the experience, causes the exper- ience, or is caused by the experience; or is caused by some other factor which, in turn, causes the experience. "So, as nice as it would be to rationalize that an elec- trical device can reassure us an animal is not experiencing pain, Dr. Roswell has removed, with this one statement, any -14- . • • • security blanket of inechanical rationalization. "One of the most serious and well-documented criticisms of this method is that many, many times young animals simply do not die after having been run through one cycle, and then are recompressed only to revive and have to be run through , twice and sometimes three times. The AHA has admitted openly that severe inner ear damage does occur on recompression and that there is also hemorrhaging of the small blood vessels of the lungs. I have reports of young animals reviving from many sources, not to mention the ones that have occurred here in the Columbia area. "One shelter employee has said that he leaves the young animals in the machine for up to an hour to insure they are dead, but in spite of this the driver of the truck which takes the animals' bodies out to the city dump remarked once that almost every day "something" follows him back from the pit to the truck. It is very difficult for me to believe these stories are not true wh�n they come from so many different sources and different cities. . . . "The final point I will bring up today is the predisposition of the Euthanair to human misuse through overcrowding, the mix- ing of dogs and cats, and the shortening of the holding period in the interest of saving time. We have documentation that it is not uncommon for employees to stuff the machine so full of animals that they are like sardines in a can, even though the AHA suggests two dogs the size of a German Shepherd are quite an adequate load. The largest unit made by Euthana�.r is a cylinder 36" wide by 42" long, and they say in their advertise- ment that it will handle up to 60 animals per hour. "By huma.ne standards one could destroy no more than 16 cocker or beagle sized dogs in an hour, and yet shelters, believing the advertisement, buy the machine only to discover later that it is not capable of handling nearly as many animals in as short a length of time as was claimed. Employees then turn to over- crowding and cutting the holding period to save time. The Euthanair Company also does not bother to mention that their machine is not suitable for young animals or sick animals even though AHA themselves recommend in at least two publications that alternative methods be used for young animals and animals with upper respiratory disease. "I have spent the better part of a year intensely researching this question, and I have a large file of documentation proving the points I have made here today. Nobody who has read all the facts available could ever conclude that this is a humane method for destroying animals as it is being used in many shelters today." , • � � ��1.i1 • ' ' -15- It is testimony such as that above combined with the experiences af HSUS staff inembers that led HSUS to adopt the position that euthanasia by decompression is unacceptable. We advocate sodium pentobarbital injection as the most humane method of euthanasia, with carbon monoxide as a second choice for shelters that are unable to use sodium pentobarbital. We believe that where responsible homes for animals cannot be found, the role of the humanitarian is to provide the most humane death possible for those animals. pecompression is clearly not a humane death. THE HUMANE SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES STATEMENT OF POLICY ON EUTHANASIA: Because the enormous overpopulation of dogs and cats results in the impoundment and destruction of the majority of these animals, and because methods of destruction usecl are often inadequate, inhumane and ine£fective, it is the policy of The Humane Society of the United States to pursue a vigorous program o£ investigation, study, and applicatiQn of acceptable euthanasia methods and to recommend for use those methods that are as humane and free from fear and apprehension as the best available knowledge can show and that this evaluation should take into account simplicity of operation, availability, cost factors, mechanical and maintenance problems, and aesthetic considerations to the people involved. , � ' A study of euthanasia methods generally used today is available from The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems, a Division of The Humane Society of the United States. The study is "Euthanasia of Dogs and Cats: An Analysis of Experience and Current Knowledge With Recommendations for Research," and the price is $3 ($2.50 per copy if 10 or more copies are ordered) . Order from HSUS, 2100 L Street, N.W. , Washington, p.C, 20037. � . . � Sources: Euthanair Company prornotional mailing, May, 1978. Corrected Copy Report, Informal Conference, High Altitude (Low Pressure) Animal Euthanasia, Thursday, May 21, 1964, Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. Letter from Dr. George P. Biro, Assistant Professor, Department of Physi- ology, The Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa to Qr. H.C. Rowsell, Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa, July 5, 1973. Report to Humanitarians, quarterly publication of Humane Information Services, Inc. , St. Petersburg, Florida, Number 31, March, 1975. Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia, American Veterinary Medical Association, 1978. Report, Second Conference, High Altitude (Low Pressure) Animal Euthanasia, Monday, October 24, 1964, Los Angeles, California. Letter from T. I. Hughes, Executive Vice President, Ontario Humane Society to Linda Johnston of Columbia, South Carolina, June 3, 1977. The Los Angeles Times, Sunday, October 30, 1977. Testimony by Phyllis Wright, Director of Animal Sheltering and Control, The Humane Society of the United States, before the Dallas (Texas) City Council, March 24, 1975. Testimony by Walter E. Kilroy, Vice President, Massachusetts SPCA, before the City Council of Fort Wayne, Indiana, May 12, 1977, "Study of Euthanasia Methods for Urban Animal Control Programs - Attachment to Interim Report and Recommendations Concerning the Animal Control Unit of the Oakland Police Department," prepared by Joyce A. Tischler, Association for Responsible Animal Guardianship, Oakland, California, April, 1978. Report by Supervisor Philip L. Anthony to Board of Supervisors of Orange County, California, on eliminating euthanasia by decompression and changing to sodium pentobarbital injection, May 2, 1978. Veterinary Position Paper: "The High-Altitude Decompression Chamber vs. Sodium Pentobarbital Injection," John W. Oliver, DVM, Saratoga, California. Letter from John T. Kalberer, Jr. , Ph.D. , to Mrs. Virginia Prejean of Committee for Decent Death, Dallas, Texas, February 11, 1976. Testimony, written and oral (transcribed) , given at public hearings on a bill to ban decompression for euthanasia before a subcommittee of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Committee, House of Representatives, State of South Carolina, December 6-7, 1977. . , �� ** ORGANIZATIONS THAT NO LONGER USE THE HIGH ALTITUDE D�COMPRESSION CHAMBER FOR ANIMAL EUTHANASIA: The American Society £or the Baltimare City Animal Shelter Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 222 N. Calverton Road 441 E. 92nd Street Baltimore, Maryland 21223 New York, New York 10028 Humane Society of Santa Clara Valley The Humane Society of Pomona Valley 2530 Lafayette Street S00 Humane Way Santa Clara, California 95050 Pomona, California 91766 Los Angeles County Department Tndianapolis Humane Society of Animal Control 7929 N. Michigan Avenue 11258 S. Garfield Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 Aowney, California 90242 Prince George's County Animal Shelter Environmental Health and Conservation 8311 D'Arcy Road pepartment Forestville, Maryland 20028 City of pallas 1500 W. Mackingbird Lane Washington Animal Rescue League pallas, Texas 75235 71 Oglethorpe Street, N.W. Washington, p. C. 20001 The Anti-Cruelty Society Animal Care Shelter 157 West Grand Avenue ' Chicago, Illinois 60610 Peninsula Humane Society 12 Airport Boulevard ' San Mateo, California 94401 ** NOT A COMPREHENSIV� LIST Ft. Wayne Humane Shelter 2225 Dwenger Avenue Ft. Wayne, Indiana 46803 Contacts for Further Information: States Having Outlawed the Decompression Chamber: Dr. John tU. Oliver, DVM Saratoga Pet Clinic Arizona 12250 S. Saratoga-�unnyvale Road Maine Saratoga, California 95070 ' Massachusetts Ms. Dorothy Frary California Concerned Citizens 534 Dayton Avenue Arkansas Fort Wayne, Indiana 46807 Maryland Virginia Connecticut . ;��'� MAPS1 ANIMAL CONTROL 506 11TH AVE. N. MPLS.. MN 554f1 612-339-6666 � � 4, Novem;�er 1982 To whom it may concern, I have been asked to explain the procedure used by this � firm for the resale of impounded animals . First, animals wnich have known owners, or animal.s wnich have been impounded for biting are not made available for readoption. . Secondly, all animals must remain at our facility for the full five aay holding period. During that time, if someane is interested in adopting a dog we require a deposit of $13 .00 which pays for a distemper and a parvo- virus immunization. Adoption of a cat requires a $5 .00 depasit for a distemper vaccination. If the owner reclaims the animal, they are charged for the shots and tne deposit is returned to the interested party. After the holding period, if the animal has not been reclaimed or identified by the owner, it may be resold. The fee 'is $20 .00 for any dog and $10 .00 for any cat. It is tnen the responsibility �of the purchaser to take . the animal to a veterinarian for a complete examination. If tne animal is determined to be unhealthy it may be returned for a refund of the purchase price, (excluding the deposit) . The tigures for 1981 indicate that 540 dogs anci 374 cats were sold. It is not our purpose to sell animals for the profit. Tr7e have found that selling unclaimed animals improves our overall image witii the public. I am enclosing a copy of the purchase agreement that we have the interested party sign whicii explains our policies. 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